Compiled by Gary D. Thompson

Copyright © 2001-2010 by Gary D. Thompson

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Star Maps

Books/Pamphlets:

Boll, Franz. (1894). "Studien über Claudius Ptolemäus: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der griechischen Philosophie und Astrologie." In: Hertz, Martin. (Editor). Jahrbücher für classische Philologie. (Supplement, Band 21, Heft 1, Pages 53-244).

Brown, Basil. (1932; Reprinted 1968). Astronomical-Atlases, Maps & Charts. [Note: At times quite uncritical and unreliable regarding facts and references.]

Débarbat, Suzanne. et. al. (Editors). (1988). Mapping the Sky: Past Heritage and Future Directions. [Note: Proceedings of the 133rd Symposium of the International Astronomical Union. An excellent collection of essays. See the (German-language) book review by the astronomer Elana Schilbach in Astronomische Nachrichten, Volume 312, Number 4, May, 1991, Page 277.]

Grasshoff, Gerd. (1990). The History of Ptolemy's Star Catalogue. [Note: Based on the author's doctoral thesis. See the (English-language) book review by James Evans in Journal for History of Exact Sciences, Volume 43, Pages 133-144.]

Kanas, Nick. (2007). Star Maps: History, Artistry, and Cartography. [Note: An excellent history of celestial cartography from ancient to modern times (but containing some errors). Nearly 400 pages in length and contains numerous illustrations. Nick Kanas, M.D., is Professor of Psychiatry at the University of California, San Francisco. He has been a member of the San Francisco Amateur Astronomers since 1978 and has collected and researched antiquarian celestial books, atlases, and prints for nearly 25 years. He is a member of several map collector societies and has lectured on the history of celestial cartography at scientific and non-scientific meetings of organizations such as the Sydney (Australia) Observatory, the 20^th International Conference on the History of Cartography, and the California Map Society.]

Manitius, Karl. (1912-1913). (Editor). Des Claudius Ptolemäus Handbuch der astronomie. (2 Volumes).

Peters, Christian. and Knobel, Eduard. (1915). Ptolemy's Catalogue of Stars. [Note: Still remains an important study. Christian Peters was Director of Hamilton College Observatory and previously Litchfield Professor of Astronomy at Hamilton College. Eduard Knobel was Treasurer and Past President of the Royal Astronomical Society. Life dates for Christian Peters: 1813-1890. Life dates for Eduard Knobel: 1841-?]

Stott, Carole. (1991). Celestial Charts: Antique Maps of the Heavens. [Note: Well illustrated but poorly organised. See the (English-language) book review by Elly Dekker in Annals of Science, Volume 49, Number 6, 1992, Pages 598-599.]

Toomer, Gerald. (1984; Reprinted 1998). Ptolemy's Almagest. [Note: Standard translation of Ptolemy's Almagest.]

Warner, Deborah. (1979). The Sky Explored: Celestial Cartography 1500-1800. [Note: Excellent.]

Whitfield, Peter. (1995). The Mapping of the Heavens. [Note: At times uncritical and unreliable. See the (English-language) book review by Robert Hannah in Imago Mundi, Volume 49, 1997, Pages 161-162.]

Articles/Entries:

Berggren, J[?]. [Len]. (1991/1992). "Ptolemy's Maps of Earth and the Heavens: A New Interpretation." (Archive for History of Exact Sciences, Volume 43, Pages 133-144).

Dambis, A[?]. and Efremov, Yu. (2000). "Dating Ptolemy's Star Catalogue Through Proper Motions: the Hipparchan Epoch." (Journal for the History of Astronomy, Volume 31, Part 2, May, Pages 115-134).

Dobler, Hermann. (2002). "The Dating of Ptolemy's Star Catalogue." (Journal for the History of Astronomy, Volume 33, Pages 265-277).

Dreyer, John. (1917). "On the Origin of Ptolemy's Catalogue of Stars." (Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume LXXVII, Pages 528-539).

Dreyer, John. (1918). "On the Origin of Ptolemy's Catalogue of Stars. Second Paper" (Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume LXXVIII, Pages 343-349).

Duke, Dennis. (2002). "Dating the Almagest Star Catalogue Using Proper Motions: A Reconsideration." (Journal for the History of Astronomy, Volume 33, Pages 45-55). [Note: Dennis Duke is Professor of Physics at the Florida State University.]

Duke, Dennis. (2002). "Associations Between the Ancient Star Catalogues." (Archive for the History of Exact Sciences, Volume 56, Pages 435-450).

Duke, Dennis. (2003). "The Depth of Association Between the Ancient Star Catalogues." (Journal for the History of Astronomy, Volume 34, Part 2, May, Number 115, Pages 227-230).

Duke, Dennis. (2002). "Hipparchus' Coordinate System." (Archive for the History of Exact Sciences, Volume 56, Pages 427-433).

Evans, James. (1987). "On the Origin of the Ptolemaic Star Catalogue: Part 1." (Journal for the History of Astronomy, Volume 18, Pages 155-172).

Evans, James. (1987). "On the Origin of the Ptolemaic Star Catalogue: Part 2." (Journal for the History of Astronomy, Volume 18, Pages 233-278).

Fujiwara, Tomoko. and Yamaoka, Hitoshi. (2005). "Magnitude systems in old star catalogues." (Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, Volume 8, Pages 39-47).

Gingerich, Owen. and Welther, Barbara. (1984). "Some puzzles of Ptolemy's star catalogue." (Sky and Telescope, Volume 67, Pages 421-423).

Grasshoff, Gerd. (1993). "The Babylonian Tradition of Celestial Phenomena and Ptolemy's Fixed Star Calendar." In: Galter, Hannes. and Scholz, Bernhard. (Editors). Die Rolle der Astronomie in den Kulturen Mesopotamiens. (Pages 95-134).

Knobel, Eduard. (1877). "The Chronology of Star Catalogues." (Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 43, Pages 1-74). [Note: Comprehensive.]

Kunitzsch, Paul. (1989). "The Astronomer Abu 'I-Husayn al-Sufi and his Book on the Constellations.'' In: The Arabs and the Stars. (XI, Essay pages 56-81.) [Note: Originally appeared in Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Arabisch-Islamischen Wissenschaften, Band 3, 1986, Pages 56-81.]

Kunitzsch, Paul. (1989). "Star Catalogues and Star Tables in Medieval Oriental and European Astronomy.'' In: The Arabs and the Stars. (I, Essay pages113-122.) [Note: Originally appeared in Indian Journal of History of Science, Volume 21, 1986, Pages 113-122.]

Kuperjanov, Andres. (circa 2005). "Pseudomythological Constellation Maps." (Electronic Journal of Folklore, Volume 32, Pages 37-62).

MacFarlane, Roger. and Mills, Paul. (2005). "Bright and conspicuous stars in Ptolemy and Hipparchus: On the mistranslation of e?fa???." (Centaurus, Volume 47, Number 2, Pages 178-180).

Maeyama, Y[?] (1984). "Ancient Stellar Observations Timocharis, Aristyllus, Hipparchus, Ptolemy - the Dates and Accuracies." (Centaurus, Volume 27, Pages 280-310).

Nadal, Robert. and Brunet, Jean-Paul. (1983/1984). "Le "Commentaire" d'Hipparque I. La sphère mobile." (Archive for History of Exact Sciences, Volume 29, Pages 201-236). [Note: This article and Part II of such, published 1988/1989, comprise a study of the Commentary on the Phainomena of Aratus and Eudoxus by Hipparchus of Rhodes. David Valls-Gabaud has kindly pointed out that Nadal's first given name is not Rafael (as I previously indicated) but Robert.]

Nadal, Robert. and Brunet, Jean-Paul. (1988/1989). "Le "Commentaire" d'Hipparque II. Position de 78 ètoiles." (Archive for History of Exact Sciences, Volume 39, Pages 305-354).

Rawlins, Dennis. (1982). "An Investigation of the Ancient Star Catalog." (Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Volume 94, April, Pages 359-373).

Samso, J[?]. and Castello, F[?]. (1988). "An hypothesis on the epoch of Ptolemy's star catalogue according to the authors of the Alfonsine tables." (Journal for the History of Astronomy, Volume 19, Number 2, Pages 115-120).

Schaefer, Bradley. (2001). "The Latitude of the Observer of the Almagest Star Catalogue." (Journal for the History of Astronomy, Volume 21, Number 2, Pages 187-2o1).

Shevchenko, M[?]. (1990). "An analysis of errors in the star catalogues of Ptolemy and Ulugh Beg." (Journal for the History of Astronomy, Volume 32, Pages 1-42).

Sheynin, Oscar. (1993/1994). "The Treatment of Observations in Early Astronomy." (Archive for History of Exact Sciences, Volume 46, Pages 153-192).

Swerdlow, Noel. (1992). "The Enigma of Ptolemy's Catalogue of Stars." (Journal for the History of Astronomy, Volume 23, Number 3, Pages 173-183).

Vogt, Heinrich. (1925). "Versuch einer Wiederherstellung von Hipparchs Fixsternverzeichnis." (Astronomische Nachrichten, Band 224, Number 5354-55, 2-3, Columns 17-54).

Wlodarczyk, Jaroslaw. (1990). "Notes on the Compilation of Ptolemy's Catalogue of Stars." (Journal for the History of Astronomy, Volume 21, Number 3, Pages 283-295).

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Bibliographies

Books/Pamphlets:

Böker, Robert. "III Nachtrag von Robert Böker." In: Schott, Albert. and Böker, Robert. (1958). Aratos: Sternbilder und Wetterzeichen, Pages 70-119). [Note: Contains an excellent bibliography and reference list.]

Borger, Rykle. (1967-1975). Handbuch der Keilschriftliteratur. (3 Volumes). [Note: Exhaustive bibliography of all publications (books and articles) on Assyriology up to circa the mid-1970s. Worth working through for the astronomical references.]

Brown, David. (2000). Mesopotamian Planetary Astronomy-Astrology. (Pages 287-303). [Note: An excellent reference list.]

Gundel. Wilhelm. (1934). Astronomie, Astralreligion, Astralmythologie und Astrologie. Darstellung und Literaturbericht 1907-1933. [Note: Issued as (part of) Conrad Bursian's "Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte der klassischen Altertumswissenschaft. Band 243." (Also referred to as Bursian's Jahresbericht.) See the (French-language) book review by Adolphe Rome in L'Antiquité Classique, Tome IV, 1935, Pages 289-290.]

Hunger, Hermann. and Pingree, David. (1999). "Bibliography." In: Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia. (Pages 278-292). [Note: A very comprehensive reference list.]

Kelley, David. and Milone, Gene. (2005). Exploring Ancient Skies: An Encyclopedic Survey of Astronomy. [Note: An immense world-wide survey of ancient astronomy. Reliant on secondary sources. Extensive bibliography.]

Krupp, Ed. (1991). "Bibliography." In: Beyond the Blue Horizon: Myths and Legends of the Sun, Moon, Stars, and Planets. (Pages 343-375). [Note: A very comprehensive reference list relating to astral beliefs.]

Krupp, Ed. (1997). Skywatchers, Shamans and Kings: Astronomy and the Archaeology of Power. [Note: Contains another very comprehensive reference list relating to astral beliefs.]

Neugebauer, Otto. (1975). "Bibliographical Abbreviations." In: A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy. Part Three. (Pages 1165-1203). [Note: A very comprehensive reference list.]

Ness. Lester, (1999). Written in the Stars: Ancient Zodiac Mosaics. (Pages 178-226). [Note: A very comprehensive reference list.]

Selin, Helaine. (Editor). (2000). Astronomy Across Cultures. [Note: A very "uneven and unbalanced" book in its selection and treatment of topics. Usually each contributor lists an extensive bibliography at the end of the chapter. See the (English-language) book review by David Pankenier in Isis, Volume 93, Number 2, June, 2002, Pages 285-286.]

Walker, Christopher. (Additions by Galter, Hannes. and Scholz, Bernhard.). "Bibliography of Babylonian Astronomy and Astrology." In: Galter, Hannes. and Scholz, Bernhard. (1993). Die Rolle der Astronomie in den Kulturen Mesopotamiens. (Pages 407-449). [Note: A very comprehensive reference list.]

Articles/Entries:

Baity, Elizabeth. (1973). "Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy So Far." and "Reply." (Current Anthropology, Volume 14, Number 4, Article references cited pages 423-431, & reply references cited pages 446-449).

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Chinese

Books/Pamphlets:

Academia Sinica. (1978). An Album of Ancient Relics and Documents Connected with Astronomy. [Note: Edited by Institute of Archaeology, Published by Wenwu Chubanshe.]

Ackerman, Phyllis. (1945). Ritual Bonzes of Ancient China. [Note: Unreliable. Numerous excellent photographs. The book is an example of the authors astral interpretation of artifacts. See the restrained (English-language) book review by Wolfram Eberhard in Artibus Asiae, Volume 10, Number 1, 1947, Pages 74-80. The reviewer was an expert Sinologist and concluded that the book was full of erroneous speculation.]

Bonnet-Bidaud, Jean-Marc. and Praderie, Françoise. (2004). "Star Charts on the Silk Road: Astronomical Maps in Ancient China. In: Whitfield, Susan. (Editor). The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith.

Carus, Paul. (1907). Chinese Thought. [Note: An abridged edition was published in 1974 (reprinted 1989) with the title Chinese Astrology. See particularly the Chapter: Zodiacs of Different Nations (Pages 84-112 of the abridged edition). Life dates: 1852-1919.]

Cheng,-Yih, Chen. and Zezong, Xi. (1993). "The Yáo Dian and the Origins of Astronomy in China." In: Ruggles, Clive. and Saunders, Nicholas. (Editors). Astronomies and Cultures. (Chapter 2, Pages 32-66). [Note: Chinese convention places the surname (family name) first and the given name (personal name) next. In listing Chinese names here I have attempted to keep to the Western convention and reversed the "surname-given name" order. Hopefully a Chinese personal name does not mistakenly appear first as a surname.]

Cullen, Christopher. (1996). Astronomy and mathematics in ancient China: the Zhou bi suan jing. [Note: See the (English-language) book reviews by David Pankenier in Journal of Asian Studies, Volume 56, Number 3, August, 1997, Pages 762-763; and in Early China, Volume 25, 2000, Pages 185-203 (specifically pages 189-192).]

Didier, John. (2009). Inside and Outside the Square: The Sky and the Power of Belief in Ancient China and the World, c. 4500 BC - AD 200. (3 Volumes). [Note: Sino-Platonic Papers, Number 192, September, 2009. Lengthy and engrossing doctoral thesis. Volume 1: The Ancient Eurasian World and the Celestial Pivot; Volume 2: Representations and Identities of High Powers in Neolithic and Bronze China; and Volume 3: Terrestrial and Celestial Transformations in Zhou and Early-Imperial China.]

Ecsedy, Ildikó. et. al. (1989). "Antares year in ancient China." In: Aveni, Anthony. (Editor). World Archaeoastronomy. (Pages 183-185). [Note: See: "In memoriam Ildikó (Hilda) Ecsedy (1938-2004." by Gergely Salát (Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, Volume 57, Number 3, 12 October 2004, Pages 363-365).]

Feuchtwang, Stephan. (1974). An Anthropological Analysis of Chinese Geomancy. [Note: An unrevised reprint of the author's 1965 M.A. Thesis, University of London. See: "Hsiu, stars and constellations," Pages 80-89.]

Jobes, Gertrude. and Jobes, James. (1964). "The Skies of China." In: Jobes, Gertrude. and Jobes, James. Outer Space: Myths, Name Meanings, Calendars from the Emergence of History to the Present Day. (Chapter X, Pages 391-407).

Kelley, David. and Milone, Gene. (2005). Exploring Ancient Skies: An Encyclopedic Survey of Astronomy. [Note: See the section "Chinese Constellations and Asterisms," Pages 322-326.]

Kistemaker, J[?]. and Zhengzong, Y[?]. (1988). "A New Approach to Traditional Chinese Astronomy." In: Debarbat, Suzanne. et. al. (Editors). Mapping the Sky: Past Heritage and Future Directions. (Pages 23-28). [Note: 1987 Symposium Proceedings.]

Krupp, Ed. (1989). "The cosmic temples of Old Beijing." In: Aveni, Anthony. (Editor). World Archaeoastronomy. (Pages 65-75).

Krupp, Edwin. (2005). "The Color of Cosmic Order." In: Chamberlain, Von Del., Carlson, John. and Young, Mary. (2005). Songs from the Sky: Indigenous Astronomical and Cosmological Traditions of the World. (Pages 9-20). [Note: Comprises selected proceedings papers of the "First International Conference on Ethnoastronomy," Washington, D.C., 1983. Published as Volumes XII-XIII, 1996, of Archaeoastronomy: The Journal of the Center Archaeoastronomy. An excellent collection of papers. See the (English-language) book review by Michael Hoskin in Journal for the History of Astronomy, Volume 37, Part 1, February, 2006, Number 126, Page 115.]

Lübke, Anton. (1931). Der Himmel der Chinesen. [Note: Encompasses astronomy, astral beliefs, and constellations and star names.]

Maeyama, Yasukatsu. (1977). "The oldest catalogue of China, Shih Shen's Hsing Ching." In: Maeyama, Yasukatsu. and Saltzer, Walter. (Editors). Prismata: Naturwissenschaftsgeschichtliche Studien. [Note: Festschrift für Willy Hartner. See pages 211-245.]

Maeyama, Yasukatsu. (2003). "The Two Supreme Stars, Thien-i and Thai-i, and the Foundation of the Purple Palace." In: Ansari, S[hahabuddin?]. (Editor). History of Oriental Astronomy. (Pages 3-18).

Major, John. (1993). Heaven and Earth in Early Han Thought. [Note: A translation and commentary on Chapters Three, Four, and Five of the Huainanzi. Basically a discussion of early Chinese astral beliefs. The book is based on the authors doctoral dissertation.]

Needham, Joseph. and Ling, Wang. (1959, Reprinted 1970, and 1972). "The Sciences of the Heavens." In: Science and Civilization in China, Volume III. (Pages 171-494). [Note: Forms Chapter 20 of the set of volumes. See especially pages 229-283. See also the (German-language) book review by W[?]. Eichhorn in Orientalistische Literaturzeitung, Sechsundfünfzigster Jahrgang, 19161, Number 5/6, Columns 306-310.]

Needham, Joseph. (1974). "Astronomy in ancient and medieval China." In: Hodgson, Frank. (Editor). The Place of Astronomy in the Ancient World. (Pages 67-82).

Nivison, David. (1989). "The origin of the Chinese lunar lodge system." In: Aveni, Anthony. (Editor). World Archaeoastronomy. (Pages 276-288).

Ronan, Colin. (1996). "Astronomy in China, Korea and Japan." In: Walker, Christopher. (Editor). Astronomy before the Telescope. (Pages 245-268). [Note: See the (English-language) book review by John Perdrix in Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, Volume 1, 1998, Page 92.]

Rufus, Will. and Tien, Hsing-chih. (1945). The Soochow astronomical chart. [Note: A booklet of some 30 pages. Will Rufus (W. Carl Rufus) taught mathematics and astronomy for several years in Korea. He twice joined the University of Michigan Detroit Observatory as Acting Director and remained the second time until his retirement in 1945. Life dates for Will Rufus: 1876-1946. See the (English-language) book reviews by ? in Popular Astronomy Volume 54, December, 1946, Pages ?-?; by Obed Johnson in The Far Eastern Quarterly Review, Volume 6, Number 3, 1946 [published May, 1947], Pages 306-307; and by the astronomer Alexander Pogo in Science, Volume 106, Issue 2749, September, 1947, Pages 227-228.]

de Saussure, Léopold. (1909; Reprinted 1930, and 1967). Les Origines de l'Astronomie Chinoise. [Note: A selection of the authors essays which originally appeared in the periodical T'oung-pao. Frequent discussions of Chinese constellations and star names. There are several reprint versions of the original 1909 book which comprised 594 pages. The 1930 reprint reproduces the 594 pages of the 1909 edition. The (standard) 1967 reprint of over 600 pages includes a 1932 book review by the astronomer Alexander Pogo in the journal Isis (and a list of Saussure's writings by Paul Pelliott which appeared in T'oung-pao in 1926). However, there was also a 1967 reprint published as 438 pages, two lengthy essays in the 1909 edition being removed (Le Texte astronomique du Yao-Tien; and Le zodiaque lunaire), and without the inclusion of the book review by Alexander Pogo, and the Saussure bibliography by Pelliott. Léopold de Saussure believed that Mesopotamian astronomy reached China at a date preceding 2000 BCE. The author, a member of an illustrious Swiss family of scholars, was a linguist, French naval officer (Naval Lieutenant) and expert navigator (and astronomer) who visited China and stayed after becoming fascinated with aspects of Chinese civilization. He was considered to be an expert Sinologist (and expert historian of Chinese astronomy). Unfortunately his studies of Chinese astronomy were still incomplete at the time of his early death.  See the (French-language) biography by Raymond de Saussure in Isis, Volume XXVII, Number 1, 1937, Pages 286-293. A list of Saussure's writings by Paul Pelliott which appeared in T'oung-pao in 1926 appears on pages 294-297. Life dates: 1866-1925.]

Schafer, Edward. (1977). Pacing the Void: T'ang Approaches to the Stars. [Note: An excellent book that encompasses astronomy, astral beliefs, and constellations and star names. The author was Agassiz Professor of Oriental Languages at the University of California, Berkeley. See the (English-language) book review by Nathan Sivan in Archaeoastronomy: The Bulletin of the Center for Archaeoastronomy, Volume 2, Number 3, Summer, 1979, Pages 20-21.]

Schlegel, Gustaaf. [Gustave.] (1875, Reprinted 1967). Uranographie Chinoise. (2 Volumes). [Note: A pioneering study. Still good for its description of each Chinese constellation. The aim of the book was to prove the high antiquity of the Chinese people. Schlegel was also the Interpreter for the Chinese language to the Government of Netherlands-India (Dutch East Indies). The author believed the origin of the Chinese constellations could be dated back to circa 15,600 BCE and that the Chinese constellation system was the origin of all other constellation systems. The idea was a huge flood and inundation had wiped out a (Chinese) culture belonging to the era of circa 15,000 BCE (but remnants of their astronomical knowledge survived). (According to Julius Staal the German Sinologist Günter Kunert supported Schlegel's ideas.) The studies of Chinese astronomy by Léopold de Saussure do not support Schlegel's ideas. Life dates: 1840-1903. Julius Staal, a planetarium director (died 1986), supported the ideas of Schlegel on the early origins of the Chinese constellations but this position is not tenable.]

Soothill, William. (1951). The Hall of Light: a Study of Early Chinese Kingship. [Note: Includes an excellent discussion of some Chinese astral beliefs. The author was a missionary and educator in China for many years. He was Professor of Chinese Language and Literature at at the University of Oxford from 1920-1935. Life dates: 1861-1935.]

Staal, Julius. (1984). Stars of Jade: Astronomy and Star Lore of Very Ancient Imperial China. [Note: British astronomer and planetarium director. Considered an authority on star-lore. His last active position (held at the time of his death) was at the Fernbank Planetarium (Atlanta, USA). Staal used a Zeiss planetarium projector to explore Gustaaf Schelegel's ideas that some Chinese constellations date to 15,600 BCE. The results are contained in his book The Stars of Jade. The book contains a fold-out map of the sky precessed back to circa 15,000 BCE. To write the book he translated the 2-volumes of Uranographie Chinoise by Gustaaf Schlegel into English. He then researched its contents in the Fernbank Science Center Planetarium (Atlanta, Georgia). Since Staal's death several persons have taken up his ideas. In 1997 the planetarium director Jean Bishop contributed a paper to the 109th Annual Meeting of The Astronomical Society of the Pacific on the hypothesis of the great age of the four large Chinese seasonal figures: the blue dragon of spring, the red bird of summer, the white tiger of autumn, and the black tortoise of winter. At the time of his death Staal had almost completed his manuscript of  T'ien-Chung-Sing: Celestial Chinese Constellations (a pictorial star atlas which still remains unfinished and unpublished) which was to be an addendum to his Stars of Jade. Staal was born in Batavia, Netherlands East Indies. He began his career in planetariums in The Hague, Netherlands. He left the Netherlands during World War II, became a British citizen, worked in the London Planetarium, and was accepted as a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society, London. In 1960, he joined the staff of the Planetarium of Witswatersrand and the faculty of the University of Rhodesia. Subsequent travels took him back to England, then to the United States, where he open planetariums in New Orleans, Louisiana; Atlanta, Georgia; and Decatur, Georgia. See the brief (English-language) obituary by Ed. Krupp in The Griffith Observer, Volume 51-52, 1987. Life dates: 1917-1986.]

Stephenson, F[?]. (1988). "Oriental Star Maps." In: Debarbat, Suzanne. et. al. (Editors). Mapping the Sky: Past Heritage and Future Directions. (Pages 11-22). [Note: 1987 Symposium Proceedings.]

Stephenson, F[?]. (1994). "Chinese and Korean Star Maps and Catalogs." In: Harley, John. and Woodward, David. (Editors). The History of Cartography. Volume 2, Book 2: Cartography in the traditional East and Southeast Asian societies. [Note: See pages 511-578].

Wang, Aihe. (2000). Cosmology and Political Culture in Early China. [Note: An excellent discussion of early Chinese astral beliefs connected to the formative stages of Chinese culture and political history. The author is an assistant professor in the department of history at Purdue University. See the (English-language) book review by Nathan Sivin in China Review International, Volume 8, Number 2, Fall, 2001, Pages 566-572.]

Wheatley, Paul. (1971). The Pivot of the Four Quarters: A Preliminary Enquiry into the Origins and Character of the Ancient Chinese City. [Note: The author was an urban geographer. The author examines the cosmological-magical symbolism of the Chinese city as an axis mundi. Recently this idea has been the subject of considerable criticism. See the (English-language) book reviews by Wolfram Eberhard in The Journal of Asian Studies, Volume XXXI, Number 1, November 1971, Pages 641-643; by L[ouise?] Young in Anthropos, Volume 68, 1973, Pages 645-647; by Michael Loewe in Modern Asian Studies, Volume 7, 1973, Pages 288-291; by Clifton Pannell in The Geographical Review, Volume LXIII, 1973, Pages 427-428; and by Paul Gustafson in Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Volume 15, 1976, Pages 209-212. See also: "Paul Wheatley, an Appreciation." by Clifton Pannell in Urban Geography, Volume 21, Number 3, 2000, Pages 271-275; and "In Memoriam: Paul Wheatley, 1921-1999." by Brian Berry and Donald Dahmann in Annals of the Association of American Geographers, Volume 91, Number 4, December, 2001, Pages 734-747. Life dates: 1921-1999.]

Williams, Charles. (3rd revised edition 1941, 1st edition 1931, 2nd revised edition 1932 and 1933, reprinted 1960, 1961, 1974, 1976, and 1988). "Stars." In: Outlines of Chinese Symbolism and Art Motives. [Note: See pages 365-374. The author spent a life-time in China and was an expert Sinologist. Life dates: 1884-?]

Williams, John. (1871; Reprinted 1987 and 2000). Observations of Comets, from B.C. 611 to A.D. 1640. Extracted from the Chinese Annals. [Note: Contains a large amount of information on Chinese star names and constellations. The author was a missionary to China. Life dates: 1797-1874.]

Xiaochun, Sun. and Jing, Tian. (1993). "On the observation time of Shi Shen's star catalogue." (Proceedings Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, Volume 96, Number 4, Pages 503-511). [Note: Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen = Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.]

Xiaochun, Sun. and Shuren, Bo. (1993). "The Tian Wen Hui Chao Star Catalogue of the Early Ming." In: Nha, Il-Seong. and Stephenson, Francis. (Editors). Oriental Astronomy form Guo Shoujing to King Sejong. (Pages 275-282). [Note: A short note on one of the editors. The astronomer (and historian of astronomy) Il-Seong [= Song] Nha is, since his retirement from Yonsei University, now honoured as Professor Emeritius at Yonsei University, Korea. He was Director of the Yonsei University Observatory. Life dates: 1932- .]

Xiaochun, Sun. and Kistemaker, Jacob. (1995). "The Ecliptic in Han times and in Ptolemaic Astronomy." In: Hashimoto, Keizo., Jami, Catherine. and Skar, Lowell. (Editors). East Asian Science: Tradition and Beyond. (Pahes 65-72). [Note: Papers from the Seventh International Conference the History of Science in East Asia, Kyoto, 2-7 August, 1993.]

Xiaochun, Sun. and Kistemaker, Jacob. (1997). The Chinese Sky during the Han: Constellating Stars and Society. [Note: An excellent study which reconstructs the Chinese sky circa 100 BCE. Sun Xiaochun and Jacob Kistemaker (page 96) make an enormous error with the claim that we know the names of some 70 Sumerian constellations dating from about 2300 BCE. See the (English-language) book reviews by David Pankenier in Early China, Volume 25, 2000, Pages 185-203 (specifically pages 192-203); and by Cheng-Yih Chen in Isis, Volume 91, Number 1, March, 2000, Pages 145-147.]

Xiaochun, Sun. (1997). "Stars in Chinese Science." In: Selin, Helaine. (Editor). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. (Pages 908-910).

Xiaochun, Sun. (2000). "Crossing the Boundaries between Heaven and Man: Astronomy in Ancient China." In: Selin, Helaine. (Editor). Astronomy Across Culture: The History of Non-Western Astronomy. (Pages 423-454).

Xiaochun, Sun. (2001). "On the Star Catalogue and Atlas of Chongzhen Lishu." In: Jami, Catherine., Engelfriet, Peter., and Blue, Gregory. (Editors). Statecraft and Intellectual Renewal in Late Ming China. (Pages 311-320).

Yampolsky, Philip. (1950). "The Origin of the Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions." (Osiris, Volumen Nonum [Volume 9], Pages 62-83). [Note: Presentation of opinions for the origin of the system of lunar mansions found in China, India, and Arabia.]

Yoke, Ho Peng. (1966). The Astronomical Chapters of The Chin Shu. [Note: The book is a revision of the authors doctoral dissertation.]

Articles/Entries:

Anon. (1889). "Star Names Amongst the Ancient Chinese." (Nature, Volume XXXIX, November 1888 to April 1889, January 24, Pages 309-310). [Note: A discussion of the two articles by Joseph Edkins in The China Review in 1888.]

Anon. (1930). "The Oldest Known Star Catalogue." (Nature, Volume CXXV [125], January 1930 to June 1930, Number 3162, June 7, Page 870).

Bennett, Steven. (1978). "Patterns of the Sky and Earth: A Chinese Science of Applied Cosmology." (Chinese Science, Number 3, Pages ?-?).

Bonnet-Bidaud, Jean-Marc., Praderie, Françoise. and Whitfield, Susan. (2009). "The Dunhuang chinese sky: a comprehensive study of the oldest known star atlas." (Journal of Astronomical history and Heritage, Volume 12, Number 1, March, Pages 39-59). [Note: The 19 page paper also has 5 Tables and 8 Figures. Françoise Praderie died in early 2009.]

Chatley, Herbert. (1940). "Sirius and the Constellation of the Bow." (Nature, Volume 145, 27 April, Page 670). [Note: A short study of Sirius and the constellation of the bow in Babylonia, China, and Egypt.]

Ci-yuan [Ciyuan], Liu. (1986). "The Chinese names of fifty zodiacal stars in the 4th-6th century." (Acta Astronomica Sinica, Volume 27, Pages 276-278.)

Edkins, Joseph. (1877). "On the Twenty-eight Constellations." (The China Review, Volume 5, Number 5, Pages 319-325). [Note: Protestant missionary to China. Died 1905]

Edkins, Joseph. (1885). "Babylonian Origin of Chinese Astronomy and Astrology." (The China Review, Volume 14, Number 2, Pages 90-95).

Edkins, Joseph. (1885). "Babylonian Astronomy." (The China Review, Volume 14, July 1885 to June 1886, Pages 104-105).

Edkins, Joseph. (1886). "The Introduction of Astrology into China." (The China Review, Volume 15, Number 2, Pages 126-128).

Edkins, Joseph. (1888). "Star Names Among the Ancient Chinese." (The China Review, Volume 16, Number 5, March, Pages 257-267).

Edkins, Joseph. (1888). "On Star Naming Among the Ancient Chinese, Second Part." (The China Review, Volume 16, Number 6, May, Pages 337-340).

Kalinowski, Marc. (1996). "The Use of the Twenty-eight Xiu as a Day Count in Early China." (Chinese Science, Number 13, Pages ?-?).

Kaurov, E[?]. (1996). "The Draco Constellation as a Key element of the Ancient Chinese Astronomical Picture of the Sky." (Astronomical and Astrophysical Transactions, Volume 9, Issue 3, Pages 249-250). [Note: The author identifies Draco, Serpens, Hydra, and Eridanus as "ribbon constellations" sharing a "kinematic relationship" and also a relationship with the traditional Taoist S-pattern symbol. The very short paper was originally presented at an international science conference in 1994. The author is a member of The Eurasian Astronomical Society, Moscow, Russia.]

Kaurov, E[?]. (1998). "The Draco Constellation: The Ancient Chinese Astronomical Practice of Observations." (Astronomical and Astrophysical Transactions, Volume 15, Pages 325-341). [Note: The author holds that Draco is one of the oldest constellations and estimates that it was established approximately 110,000 years ago.]

Kingsmill, Thomas. (1879). "On Some of the Constellations in the Shi-king." (The China Review, Volume 7, Number 5, Pages 347-349).

Kingsmill, Thomas. (1907). "Two Zodiacs." (Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume ?, Pages ?-?).

Knobel, Eduard. (1909). "On a Chinese planisphere." (Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 69, Pages 435[6?]-443,

de Lacouperie, Terrien. (1890). "The Zodiac and Cycles of Babylonia and their Chinese Derivatives." (The Academy, October 11, Number 962, Pages 321-322).

Michel, Henri. (1950). "Chinese Astronomical Jades." (Popular Astronomy, Volume 58, May, Pages 222-230). [Note: Discusses early Chinese celestial maps.]

Obscurus. (1880). "Duodenary Cycles." (The China Review, Volume 8, Number 5, March, Pages 320-321).

Pankenier, David. (1982). "Early Chinese Positional Astronomy: The Guoyu Astronomical Record." (Archaeoastronomy: The Journal of the Center for Archaeoastronomy, Volume 5, Number 3, July-September, Pages 10-19).

Pankenier, David. (1998). "The Mandate of Heaven." (Archaeology, Volume 51, Number 2, March / April, Pages 26-31 + 34).

Pankenier, David. (2000). "Seeing Stars in the Han Sky." (Early China, Volume 25, Pages185-203). [Note: Essay review of the books Astronomy and Mathematics in Ancient China by Christopher Cullen (1996); and The Chinese Sky During the Han by Sun Xiaochun and Jacob Kistemaker (1997). Fails to identify the enormous error made by Sun Xiaochun and Jacob Kistemaker (page 96) with the claim that we know the names of some 70 Sumerian constellations dating from about 2300 BCE.]

Schafer, Edward. (1977). "An ancient Chinese star map." (Journal of the British Astronomical Association, Volume 87, Pages 162-???). [Note: The author was an expert on Medieval China and specialised in the Tang Period.]

Staal, Julius. (1974). "Stars of Primeval China." (The Planetarian, Volume 3, Number 1/2).

Teboul, Michel. (1985). "Sur Quelques Particularités de l"Uranographie Polare Chinoise." (T'oung Pao, Volume LXXI, Pages 1-39).

Thorpe, W[?]. (1930). "Creatures of the Chinese Zodiac." (Apollo, Volume 11, Pages ?-?).

Wang, Jianmin. (1979). "On a vessel inscribed with the 28 lunar lodges, the Green Dragon and the White Tiger, found in the tomb of Zeng Houyi." (Wenwu [= Cultural Relics], Number 7, Pages 40-45.) [Note: Wenwu (also Wen Wu, or Wen-wu) is a monthly publication. The tomb of Zeng Houyi is dated to 433 BCE.]

Yampolsky, Philip. (1950). "The Origin of the Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions." (Osiris, Volumen Nonum [Volume 9], Pages 62-83). [Note: Presentation of various expert opinions for the origin of the system of lunar mansions found in China, India, and Arabia.]

Zezong, Xi. (1981). "Chinese Studies in the History of Astronomy. 1949-1979." (Isis, Volume 72, Number 3, September, Pages 456-470.)

Zhao, Y[?]. (1917). "Study of Star Maps and Star Names." (Science Magazine, Volume 111, Number 3, Pages ?-?)

Korean

Books/Pamphlets:

Needham, Joseph. et. al. (1986, Reprinted 2004). The Hall of Heavenly Records: Korean Astronomical Instrument and Clocks 1380-1780. [Note: Contains succinct discussions of the ancient Chinese and Korean sky systems. See the (English-language) book review by Orun Kihyup Kim in Korea Journal, Volume 30, Number 7, July, 1990, Pages 44-45.]

Ronan, Colin. (1996). "Astronomy in China, Korea and Japan." In: Walker, Christopher. (Editor). Astronomy before the Telescope. (Pages 245-268).

Stephenson, F[?]. (1994). "Chinese and Korean Star Maps and Catalogs." In: Harley, John. and Woodward, David. (Editors). The History of Cartography. Volume 2, Book 2: Cartography in the traditional East and Southeast Asian societies. [Note: See pages 511-578].

Articles/Entries:

Il-gwon, Kim. (2008). "Analysis of the Astronomical System of Constellations in Korguryo Tomb Murals." (The Review of Korean Studies, Volume 11, Number 2, June, Pages 5-32). [Note: Kim Il-gwon is an assistant professor at the Graduate School of Korean Studies, the Academy of Korean Studies. He has published 5 or 6 (Korean-language) articles on early Korean constellations.]

Rufus, Will. (1913). "The Celestial Planisphere of King Yi Tai-Jo." (Transactions of the Korea Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 4, Number 3, Pages 23-72). [Note: This reference also variously appears as: Volume 12, 1913; and Volume 26, 1936. The reference also appears as: Transactions of the Korea Branch, Royal Asiatic Society. The title also appears as: "The Celestial Planisphere of Yi Tai-jo."]

Rufus, Will. (1915). "Korea's Cherished Astronomical Chart." (Popular Astronomy, Volume 23, Number 4, Pages 193-198).

Rufus, Will. (1936). "Astronomy in Korea." (Transactions of the Korea Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume XXVI, [No issue number], Pages 1-48, + Tables I-IV, Plates 1-17). [Note: An excellent summary article. Includes discussion of constellations and star names.]

Rufus, Will. and Chao, Celia. (1944). "A Korean Star Map." (Isis, Volume 35, Number 4, Pages 316-326). [Note: The second detailed study by Will Rufus of the Celestial Planisphere of King Yi Tai-Jo. The first study was published in 1913.]

Japanese

Books/Pamphlets:

Hara, Megumi. (1989). Seiza no Bunkashi. [Note: The English title is: Cultural History of the Constellations.]

Kitao, Kouichi. ((Reprinted ?) 2002). Star lore of Japan: The starscape of a people. [Note: Translated into English by Hideo Fujii. A small book comprising approximately 60 pages. Organised by the months of the year. See the (French-language) book review in l'Astronomie [Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of France] Volume 117, Janvier, 2003.]

Ronan, Colin. (1996). "Astronomy in China, Korea and Japan." In: Walker, Christopher. (Editor). Astronomy before the Telescope. (Pages 245-268).

Articles/Entries:

Renshaw, Steve. and Ihara, Saori. (1999) "Yowatashi Boshi; Stars that Pass in the Night. Japan's cultural heritage reflected in the star lore of Orion." (The Griffith Observer, Volume 63, Number 10, October, Pages 2-17). [Note: Another form of the article also appeared in The Kyoto Journal, Issue 48, July, 2000.]

North American

Books/Pamphlets:

Brewer, Sallie. (1950). "Notes on Navaho Astronomy." In: Reed, Erik. and King, Dale. (Editors). For the Dean: Essays in Anthropology in Honor of Byron Cummings. (Pages 133-136).

Britt, Junior., Claude. (1975). "Early Navajo Astronomical Pictographs in Canyon de Chelly, Northeastern Arizona, U. S. A." In: Aveni, Anthony. (Editor). Archaeoastronomy in Pre-Columbian America. [Note: See Chapter 5: Stellar Observations., Pages 89-107.]

Chamberlain, Von del. and Schaafsma, Polly. (1993). "The origin and meaning of Navajo star ceilings." In: Ruggles, Clive. (Editor). Archaeoastronomy in the 1990s. (Chapter 20, Pages 227-241). [Note: Von Del Chamberlain is an astronomer and a retired director of the Hansen Planetarium, Salt Lake City, Utah. Polly Schaafsma is a leading authority on the rock art of New Mexico and the Southwest of the USA. She is a research associate of the Museum of Indian Arts and Culture/Laboratory of Anthropology of the Museum of New Mexico.]

Chamberlain, Von del. (1982). When Stars Came Down to Earth. [Note: See the critical (English-language) book review by Douglas Parks in Archaeoastronomy: The Journal of the Center for Archaeoastronomy, Volume 7, Numbers 1-4, January-December, Pages 110-115.]

Chamberlain, Von del. (2000). "Native American Astronomy." In: Selin, Helaine. (Editor). Astronomy Across Culture: The History of Non-Western Astronomy. (Pages 269-301).

Chamberlain, Von del. (2005). "Tracking Stars in Dinétah: Astronomical Symbolism in Gobernador Phase Rock Art." In: Fountain, John. and Sinclair, Rolf. (Editors). Current Studies in Archaeoastronomy: Conversations Across Time and Space. (Pages 221-242). [Note: Selected papers from the 5th Oxford international conference on archaeoastronomy held at Santa Fe in 1996. Discusses believed depictions of Navajo constellations in the Dinétah area of the Gobernador Canyon. See the (English-language) book review by Ronald Hicks of Current Studies in Archaeoastronomy: Conversations Across Time and Space in American Anthropologist, Volume 108, Number 3, September, 2006, Pages 586-587.]

Chamberlain, Von Del. and Schaafsma, Polly. (2005). "Origin and Meaning of Navajo Star Ceilings." In: Chamberlain, Von Del., Carlson, John. and Young, Mary. (2005). Songs from the Sky: Indigenous Astronomical and Cosmological Traditions of the World. (Pages 80-98). [Note: Comprises selected proceedings papers of the "First International Conference on Ethnoastronomy," Washington, D.C., 1983. Published as Volumes XII-XIII, 1996, of Archaeoastronomy: The Journal of the Center Archaeoastronomy. An excellent collection of papers.]

Coller, Beth. (1978) A Selected Bibliography on Native American Astronomy.

Dorsey, George. (1904; Reprinted 1995). The Mythology of the Wichita. [Note: Includes discussion of the "star cults" of the Wichita Indians.]

Dorsey, George. (1904). Traditions of the Skidi Pawnee. [Note: Published as Memoirs of the American Folk-Lore Society, Volume VIII. Includes discussion of the celestial plan of the Skidi Pawnee in which the location of their altars identify the comparative positions of the constellations they are dedicated to. See the (English-language) book review by the British folklorist Northcote Thomas (1868-?) in Folklore, Volume 16, Number 1, March 25, 1905, Pages 116-118.]

Dorsey, George. (1906; Reprinted 1997). The Pawnee Mythology. [Note: Originally published as: The Pawnee, Part 1: Mythology.]

Farrer, Claire. (1989). "Star walking - the preliminary report." In: Aveni, Anthony. (Editor). World Archaeoastronomy. (Pages 483-489).

Goodman, Ronald. (1990). Lakota Star Knowledge: Studies in Lakota Stellar Theology. [Note: The result of a 10-year ethnoastronomy project conducted by the author with Lakota elders. Ronald Goodman was an academic with Sinte Gleiska University. Life dates: 1932-2001.]

Goodman, Ronald. (2005). "Lakota Star Knowledge." In: Chamberlain, Von Del., Carlson, John. and Young, Mary. (2005). Songs from the Sky: Indigenous Astronomical and Cosmological Traditions of the World. (Pages 140-146). [Note: Comprises selected proceedings papers of the "First International Conference on Ethnoastronomy," Washington, D.C., 1983. Published as Volumes XII-XIII, 1996, of Archaeoastronomy: The Journal of the Center Archaeoastronomy. An excellent collection of papers.]

Hagar, Stansbury. (1906). "Cherokee Star Lore." In: Laufer, Berthold. (Editor). Boas Anniversary Volume: Anthropological papers written in honor of Franz Boas. (Pages 354-366).

Hagar, Stansbury. (1933). The Portsmouth Works. [Note: 21-page pamphlet reprinted from article in Popular Astronomy, Volume XLI, Number 1, January, Pages ?-?. An astronomical interpretation, including constellation correlations, of the earthworks of the Mound Builders of the Ohio Valley.]

Haile, Berard. (1947). Starlore Among the Navajo. [Note: Among the more reliable studies. See the (English-language) book review by Evon Vogt in The Journal of American Folklore, Volume 63, Number 248, April-June, 1950, Pages 254-255.]

Harrington, John. (1916). Ethnography of the Tewa Indians. [Note: The Tewa are part of the Pueblo Indian group. The publication needs to be used with some caution (and this includes the astronomical information on star names and constellations). Harrington was an ethnographer with the Bureau of American Ethnology. However, it appears he was willing to pay for information and as a result was misled by some informants. The topic of celestial geography is also covered.]

Kehoe, Alice. (2005). "Ethnoastronomy of the North American Plains." In: Chamberlain, Von Del., Carlson, John. and Young, Mary. (2005). Songs from the Sky: Indigenous Astronomical and Cosmological Traditions of the World. (Pages 127-139). [Note: Comprises selected proceedings papers of the "First International Conference on Ethnoastronomy," Washington, D.C., 1983. Published as Volumes XII-XIII, 1996, of Archaeoastronomy: The Journal of the Center Archaeoastronomy. An excellent collection of papers.]

Lankford, George. (2007). Reachable Stars: Patterns in the Ethnoastronomy of Eastern North America. [Note: Wide ranging. However, an uncritical use of sources. The author is (2007) Professor Emeritus at Lyon College where he served as endowed professor and chair of Social Sciences. Life dates: 1938- .]

Mayer, Dorothy. (1975). "Star-Patterns in Great Basin Petroglyphs." In: Aveni, Anthony. (Editor). Archaeoastronomy in Pre-Columbian America. [Note: See Chapter 6: Stellar Observations., Pages 109-130.]

Mayo, Gretchen. (1990). North American Indian Stories: More Star Tales. [Note: Not a critical compilation but a 50-page booklet aimed at young children. The author is an elementary school teacher.]

McCleary, Timothy. (1997). The Stars We Know: Indian Astronomy and Lifeways. [Note: A study of Crow Indian astronomy based on the Crow Indian Project. The study was conducted from late 1993 through 1996. The study was carried out by the tribally-controlled Little Big Horn College. The author is an anthropologist and fluent in the Crow language. The Foreward by Claire Farrer is a survey of the major works on native peoples and their astronomical systems.]

Miller, Dorcas. (1997). Stars of the First People: Native American Star Myths and Constellations. [Note: A massive and comprehensive, but uncritical, compilation from miscellaneous sources. A very extensive bibliography is included. The author is a naturalist (and past Outward Bound Instructor). Life dates: 1949- .]

Monroe, Jean. and Williamson, Ray (1987). The Dance in the Sky: Native American Star Myths. [Note: Very simply written and seems to be aimed at young adults. Includes a summary list of the relevant native American constellations at the end of each chapter. Has a valuable bibliography.]

Mooney, James. (1900, Reprinted 1902; and Reprinted 1992). Myths of the Cherokee. [Note: The author was an ethnologist. This is a very lengthy major study and incorporates star-lore.]

Rand, Silas. (1894). Legends of the Micmacs. (2 Volumes). [Note: Silas Rand, a missionary to the Micmacs, wrote a short paragraph on Micmac star-names which is quoted by his editor in the Introduction, Page xli. Also, Volume 1, Pages 56-57: "They have some knowledge of astronomy. They have watched the stars during their night excursions, or while laying wait for game. They know that the North Star does not move, and call it okwotunuguwa kulokuwech (the North Star). They have observed that the circumpolar stars never set. The call the Great Bear, (Muen (the Bear), and they have names for several other constellations. The morning star is ut'adabum and the seven stars ejulkuch. And "What do you call that?" asked a venerable old lady a short time ago, who, with her husband, the head chief of Cape Breton, was giving me a lecture on astronomy, on Nature's celestial globe, through the apertures of the wigwam. She was pointing to the Milky Way. "Oh, we call it the Milky Way, the milky road," said I. To my surprise she gave it the same name in Micmac."]

Schaafsma, Polly. (2002). Warrior, Shield, and Star: Imagery and Ideology of Pueblo Warfare, AD 1250-1600. [Note: The author holds that by circa 1300 CE ideas related to Pueblo life and warfare were connected with efforts to maintain a cosmic balance and seasonal agricultural rhythms.]

Schaafsma, Polly. (2003). "Feathered Stars and Scalps in Pueblo IV." In: Fountain, John. and Sinclair, Rolf. (Editors). Current Studies in Archaeoastronomy: Conversations Across Time and Space. (Pages 191-204). [Note: Selected papers from the 5th Oxford international conference on archaeoastronomy held at Santa Fe in 1996.]

Williamson, Ray. (1984). Living the Sky: The Cosmos of the American Indian. [Note: Excellent. The author holds a Ph.D. in astronomy. See the (English-language) book review by the archaeologist Robert Hall in Archaeoastronomy: The Journal for the Center for Archaeoastronomy, Volume 10, 1987-1988, Pages 176-182.]

Young, Mary. and Williamson, Ray. (1981). "Ethnoastronomy: The Zuni Case." In: Williamson, Ray. (Editor). Archaeoastronomy in the Americas. (Pages 183-191). [Note: A critical discussion of Zuni constellations and star names. Mary Young (M. Jane Young) is a folklorist (and rock-art scholar) and is Professor of American Studies at the University of New Mexico. Life dates for Mary Young: 1950- .]

Young, Mary. (2005). "Astronomy in Pueblo and Navajo World Views." In: Chamberlain, Von Del., Carlson, John. and Young, Mary. (2005). Songs from the Sky: Indigenous Astronomical and Cosmological Traditions of the World. (Pages 49-64). [Note: Comprises selected proceedings papers of the "First International Conference on Ethnoastronomy," Washington, D.C., 1983. Published as Volumes XII-XIII, 1996, of Archaeoastronomy: The Journal of the Center Archaeoastronomy. An excellent collection of papers.]

Articles/Entries:

Berezkin, Yuri. (2005). "Cosmic Hunt: Variants of Siberian - North American Myth." (Folklore [= Electronic Journal of Folklore], Volume 31, December.). [Note: Excellent lengthy article with extensive bibliography. Supportive of William Gibbon.]

Buckstaff, Ralph. (1927). "Stars and Constellations of a Pawnee Sky Map." (American Anthropologist, Volume 29, Pages 279-285).

Carr, E[?]. and Carr, C[?]. (1977). "Iroquois Star Myths." (The Planetarian, Volume 6, Number 1).

Ceci, Lynn. (1978). "Watchers of the Pleiades: Ethnoastronomy among Native Cultivators in North Eastern North America." (Ethnohistory, Volume 25, Number 4, Fall, Pages 301-317).

Chamberlain, Von del. (1983). "Navajo constellations in literature, art, artifact and a New Mexico rock art site." (Archaeoastronomy: The Journal of the Center for Archaeoastronomy, Volume 6, Numbers 1-4, January-December, Pages 45-58).

Dubé, Claire. (1996). << Le thème de L'Ours céleste chez les Micmacs. >> (Recherches amérindiennes au Québec, Volume 26, Number 1, Pages 55-64). [Note: The English-language title is: The Heavenly Bear Theme in Micmac Narrative. The author appraises the ethnographic work of Stansbury Hagar carried out circa the turn of the 19th-century. The article abstract states: "In 1900, the ethnologist Stansbury Hagar published a Micmac story in which the plot follows the rhythm of seasonal events. Based on the Heavenly Bear theme, this story features seven "hunting-birds" associated with heavenly cyclical constellation movements: Ursa Majoris, Bootes,  and Corona Borealis. In Northeast America, few scholars have payed attention to native knowledge about astronomy. This article provides an occasion for the contextualisation of Hagar's work by comparing Micmac narratives with narratives from neighbouring peoples. It shows that the Heavenly Bear theme was relatively widespread among Iroquoian and Algonquian peoples south of the Saint Lawrence River."]

Fletcher, Alice. (1902). "Star Cult Among the Pawnee." (American Anthropologist, Volume 4, Number 4, Pages 730-736).

Fletcher, Alice. (1916). "Pawnee Star Lore." (Journal of American Folklore, Volume 16, Pages 10-15).

Gibbon, William. (1964). "Asiatic Parallels in North American Star Lore: Ursa Major." (Journal of American Folklore, Volume 77, Number 305, July-September, Pages 236-250). [Note: At the time of writing both of his articles on Asiatic parallels William Gibbon PhD was, circa 1964, with the University of Nebraska (and was most probably in the Department of History there). Folklore studies there are (or were) under the umbrella of the Department of History. Circa 1974-1975 he was Professor of Modern Languages. At some time he appears to have taught the Russian language. Life dates: 1926?-?]

Gibbon, William. (1972). "Asiatic Parallels in North American Star Lore Milky Way, Pleiades, Orion." (Journal of American Folklore, Volume 85, Number 335, January-March, Pages 236-247).

Hagar, Stansbury. (1900). "The Celestial Bear." (Journal of American Folklore, Volume 13, Number 49, April-June, Pages 92-103). [Note: This article continues to attract considerable attention. See also the short note "The Celestial Bear." by Stansbury Hagar, in the Journal of American Folklore, Volume XIV, Number 50, Page 225 (Notes and Queries); and the corrective "Map Exhibiting the Stars of the Celestial Bear." by the Editor, in the same, Pages 225-226 (Notes and Queries). I have never seen these pointed out previously by anyone. Hagar's article was essentially reproduced in "The celestial bear, a Micmac legend. (Cape Breton's Magazine, Number 3, March, 1973, Pages 10-11, and 18). This magazine was founded, edited, and published by Roger Caplan, an American (USA), who moved to Cape Breton. The content of Hagar's article was also included in the book Red earth: tales of the Micmacs, with an introduction to the customs and beliefs of the Micmacs by Marion Robertson (1969). The book was published by the Nova Scotia Museum.]

Leonard, Junior., Kenneth. (1987-1988). "Calendric Keystone (?). The Skidi Pawnee Chart of the Heavens: A New Interpretation." (Archaeoastronomy: The Journal of the Center for Archaeoastronomy, Volume 10, Pages 77-87).

McClusky, Stephen. (1977). "The Astronomy of the Hopi Indians." (Journal for the History of Astronomy, Volume 8, Number 3, Pages 174-195).

Parker, Arthur. (1923). "Seneca Myths and Folktales." (Buffalo Historical Society Publications, Volume 27, Pages 81-82). [Note: Suggests how Native Americans may have independently identified the seven stars of the big dipper with a bear.]

Rall, Gloria. (1990). "Native American Bear in the Sky." (The Planetarian, Volume 27, Number 3).

Stock, John. et. al. (1978). "Investigating Navajo Starlore using a Planetarium." (The Planetarian, Volume 7, Number 4).

Tozzer, Alfred. (1908). "A Note on Star-lore among the Navajo." (Journal of American Folklore, Volume 21, Number 80, Pages 28-?). [Note: The author was Professor of Anthropology at Harvard University]

Mesoamerican/South American

Books/Pamphlets:

Alexander, Hartly. (1920). Latin-American Mythology. [Note: Contains some discussion of Aztec and Mayan star names and constellations. The book is Volume IV of the XI Volume series The Mythology of all Races.]

Brotherston, Gordon. (1989). "Zodiac signs, number sets, and astronomical cycles in Mesoamerica." In: Aveni, Anthony. (Editor). World Archaeoastronomy. (Pages 276-288).

Coe, Michael. (1975). "Native Astronomy in Mesoamerica." In: Aveni, Anthony. (Editor). Archaeoastronomy in Pre-Columbian America. (Chapter 1, Pages 3-31).

Jara, Fabiola. (2005). "Arawak Constellations: A Bibliographic Survey." In: Chamberlain, Von Del., Carlson, John. and Young, Mary. (2005). Songs from the Sky: Indigenous Astronomical and Cosmological Traditions of the World. (Pages 265-280). [Note: Comprises selected proceedings papers of the "First International Conference on Ethnoastronomy," Washington, D.C., 1983. Published as Volumes XII-XIII, 1996, of Archaeoastronomy: The Journal of the Center Archaeoastronomy. An excellent collection of papers.]

Lamb, Weldon. (1981). "Star Lore in the Yucatec Maya Dictionaries." In: Williamson, Ray. (Editor). Archaeoastronomy in the Americas. (Pages 233-248).

Magana, Edmundo. (2005). "Tropical Tribal Astronomy: Ethnohistorical and Ethnographic Notes." In: Chamberlain, Von Del., Carlson, John. and Young, Mary. (2005). Songs from the Sky: Indigenous Astronomical and Cosmological Traditions of the World. (Pages 244-264). [Note: Comprises selected proceedings papers of the "First International Conference on Ethnoastronomy," Washington, D.C., 1983. Published as Volumes XII-XIII, 1996, of Archaeoastronomy: The Journal of the Center Archaeoastronomy. An excellent collection of papers.]

Nuttall, Zelia. (1901; Reprinted 1970). The Fundamental Principles of Old and New world Civilizations. [Note: Originally published as Volume II of the "Archaeological and Ethnological Papers of the Peabody Museum, Harvard University. Zelia Nuttall (1857-1933) was an archaeologist and diffusionist, and became an honorary Professor of Anthropology at the National Museum of Mexico. In her book the author believes that astronomical parallels exist between ancient Near Eastern and American civilizations. The author is uncritical with her use of secondary sources and the book needs to be used with caution. See the (English-language) book review by Thomas Wilson in American Anthropologist, New Series, Volume 3, 1901, Pages 360-365. See the biographical obituary "Zelia Nuttall" by Alfred Tozzer in American Anthropologist, Volume 35, 1933, Pages 475-482; and also the biographical entry in "International Dictionary of Anthropologists," edited by Christopher Winters, (1991), Pages 513-514; and by Beverley Chiñas in "American National Biography," General editors, John Garraty and Mark Carnes, Volume 16, (1999), Pages 559-560. Life dates: 1857-1933.]

Sullivan, William. (1979). Quechua Star Names. [Note: Thesis for a Master's degree at the Center for Latin American Linguistic Studies at the University of St. Andrews, Scotland.]

Articles/Entries:

Feldman, Lawrence. (1978). "A Note on Sixteenth Century Nahua and Yucatec Terms for Stars." (Archaeoastronomy Bulletin, Volume 1, Number 4, August, Pages 17-18).

Fewkes, J[?]. et. al. (1912). "Origin of the American Aborigines." (American Anthropologist, New Series, Volume 14, Pages 1-59). [Note: See the astronomical contribution by Stansbury Hagar on pages 43-48.]

Hagar, Stansbury. (1912). "The Mexican Maize Season in the Codex Fejérváry-Mayer." (American Anthropologist, Volume 14, Issue 3, July-September, Pages 525-529). [Note: The author attempts to identify a correspondence between the agricultural cycle of the maize crop and his identification of zodiacal signs.]

Lehmann-Nitsche, Robert. (1925). "Aus ethnologischen Sternbilderstudien." (Philologus, Band, LXXXI, Heft 2. (N. F. Bd. XXXV, Heft 2.), Pages 202-207).

Spinden, Herbert. (1916). "The Question of the Zodiac in America." (American Anthropologist, Volume 18, Pages 53-80).

Starr, Eileen. (1992). "South American Astronomical Mythology." (The Planetarian, Volume 21, Number 2).

Teames, Sallie. (2003). "Signs of ?Carinae Outburst in Artifacts of ancient Bolivia." (Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers, Volume 31, Pages 54-69). [Note: Archaeoastronomy. Journal date for Volume 31 identified as 2002 by author.]

Wicke, Charles. (1984). "The Mesoamerican Rabbit in the Moon: An Influence from Han China?" (Archaeoastronomy: The Journal of the Center for Archaeoastronomy, Volume 7, Numbers 1-4, January-December, Pages 46-55).

Zerries, Otto. (1951). "Sternbilder als Ausdruck jägerischer Geisteshaltung in Südamerika." (Paideuma, Volume 5, Pages 220-235).

Aztec

Books/Pamphlets:

Aveni, Anthony. (1980; revised and updated version 2001). Skywatchers of Ancient Mexico. [Note: See especially Chapter II, Sub-section: Aztec Constellations., Pages 30-40. See the (English-language) book review by Michael Coe in Archaeoastronomy: The Bulletin of the Center for Archaeoastronomy, Volume 4, Number 1, January-March, 1981, Pages 32-38. See the (English-language) book review by Gordon Brotherston, of the 2001 revised and updated version, in Isis, Volume 93, Number 4, December, 2002, Pages 679-680.]

Carrasco, David. (1989). "The king, the capital and the stars: the symbolism of authority in Aztec religion." In: Aveni, Anthony. (Editor). World Archaeoastronomy. (Pages 45-54).

Hagar, Stansbury. (1912). The celestial plan of Teotihuacan. [Note: 15 page pamphlet. Life dates: 1869-1942.]

Preuss, Konrad. (1930). Mexikanische Religion. [Note: Life dates: 1869-1938. See the (English-language) book review by J[?]. Hoskins in American Journal of Archaeology, Volume 35, Number 4, Oct.-Dec., 1931, Pages 480-482.]

Articles/Entries:

Barthel, Thomas. (1964). "Einige Ordungsprinzipein im Aztekischen Pantheon: Zur Analyse der Sahagunschen Götterlisten." (Paideuma, Volume 10, Pages 77-101). [Note: Includes a discussion of the presence of decans in Mexican astronomy.]

Carrasco, David. (1987). "Star Gatherers and Wobbling Suns: Astral Symbolism in the Aztec Tradition." (History of Religions, Volume 26, Number 3, February, Pages 279-294).

Mayan

Books/Pamphlets:

Bricker, Harvey. and Bricker, Victoria. (1992). "Zodiacal References in the Maya Codices." In: Aveni, Anthony. (Editor). The Sky in Mayan Literature. [Note: Chapter 6, Pages 148-183.]

Förstemann, Ernst. (1904). "The Pleiades Among the Maya." In: Seler, Eduard. et. al. (1904). Mexican and Central American Antiquities, Calendar Systems, and History. (Pages 521-524). [Note: Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology. Bulletin 28. English-language translation (of original German-language congress papers) supervised by Charles Bowditch. The paper by Ernst Förstemann is actually only 2-pages long.]

Hagar, Stansbury. (1900?/1902?). "The Peruvian Star-Chart of Salcamayhua." In: Proceedings of the XII International Congress of Americanists, Paris, 1900?/1902? (Pages 271-284). [note: Also issued as a pamphlet. See the (English-language) review by Anon in The American Antiquarian and Oriental Journal, Volume XXVI, January-November, Page 388. The reviewer is as muddled and unreliable as Stansbury Hagar is.]

Hagar, Stansbury. (1915). "The Maya Zodiac at Santa Rita, British Honduras." In: Proceedings of the XIX International Congress of Americanists, Washington, D.C., 1915. (Pages 211-219). [Note: The Congress Proceedings were published in 1917. The article is another speculative attempt by the author to show the existence of a European type zodiac in pre-Columbian America. See the short critique in: Khristaand, Villela. and Schele, Linda. (1996). "Astronomy and the Iconography of Creation Among the Classic and Colonial Period Maya." In: Macri, Martha. and McHargue, Jan. (Editors). Eighth Palenque Round Table, 1993.]

Hagar, Stansbury. (1928). "The Symbolic Plan of Palenque." In: Proceedings of the XXIII International Congress of Americanists, New York, 1928. (Pages 200-210). [Note: The Congress Proceedings were published in 1930.]

Khristaand, Villela. and Schele, Linda. (1996). "Astronomy and the Iconography of Creation Among the Classic and Colonial Period Maya." In: Macri, Martha. and McHargue, Jan. (Editors). Eighth Palenque Round Table, 1993. (Pages ?-?). [Note: Discusses the history of arguments for the existence of a Maya zodiac.]

Lamb, Weldon. (2005). Tzotzil Maya Cosmology." In: Chamberlain, Von Del., Carlson, John. and Young, Mary. (2005). Songs from the Sky: Indigenous Astronomical and Cosmological Traditions of the World. (Pages 163-172). [Note: Comprises selected proceedings papers of the "First International Conference on Ethnoastronomy," Washington, D.C., 1983. Published as Volumes XII-XIII, 1996, of Archaeoastronomy: The Journal of the Center Archaeoastronomy. An excellent collection of papers.]

Milbrath, Susan. (2000). Star Gods of the Maya: Astronomy in Art, Folklore, and Calendars. [Note: Excellent. The standard reference work on Mayan archaeoastronomy. See the (English-language) book reviews by Clemency Coggins in Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Volume 31, Number 3, Winter, 2001, Pages 479-481; and by Norman Hammond in American Anthropologist, Volume 103, Number 2, June, 2001, Pages 549-550. At the time of publication the author, a PhD, was Curator of Latin American Art and Archaeology, Florida Museum of Natural History; and Affiliate Professor of Anthropology at the University of Florida.]

Robbins, R[?]. (2005). "2000 Years of Continuity in Astronomical Symbols from Monte Albán to the Aztec Stone at Tenochtitlán." In: Fountain, John. and Sinclair, Rolf. (Editors). Current Studies in Archaeoastronomy: Conversations Across Time and Space. (Pages 289-300).

Severin, Gregory. (1981). The Paris Codex: Decoding an Astronomical Ephemeris. [Note: Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Volume 71, Part 5. See the critical (English-language) book reviews by Michael Closs in Archaeoastronomy: The Journal of the Centre for Archaeoastronomy, Volume VI, Numbers 1-4, January-December, 1983, Pages 164-171; and by David Kelley in Archaeoastronomy (Supplement to the Journal for the History of Astronomy), Number 5 (Supplement to Volume 14), 1983, Pages S70-S72.]

Tedlock, Dennis. and Tedlock, Barbara. (2007). "Moon Woman Meets the Stars: A New Reading of the Lunar Almanacs in the Dresden Codex." In: Ruggles, Clive. and Urton, Gary. (Editors). Skywatching in the Ancient world: New Perspectives in Cultural Astronomy. (Pages 121-156).

Thompson, J[?]. (1974). "Maya astronomy." In: Hodgson, Frank. (Editor). The Place of Astronomy in the Ancient World. (Pages 83-98).

Articles/Entries:

Hagar, Stansbury. (1910). "Elements of the Maya and Mexican Zodiacs." In: Proceedings of the XVI International Congress of Americanists, September 9-15, 1908, Vienna. (Pages 209-? (or 277-?)).

Hagar, Stansbury. (1913). "Izamal and its Celestial Plan." (American Anthropologist, New Series, Volume 15, Number 1, January-March, Pages 16-32).

Hagar, Stansbury. (1914). "The Maya Zodiac at Acanceh." (American Anthropologist, New Series, Volume 16, Number 1, January-March, Pages 88-95, and Plate XI).

Hagar, Stansbury. (1915). "The Maya Day Sign Manik." (American Anthropologist, New Series, Volume 17, Number 3, July-September, Pages 488-491). [Note: The author pursues his ideas of a Mayan zodiac.]

Hagar, Stansbury. (1921). "Zodiacal Temple of Uxmal." (Popular Astronomy, Volume 29, February, Pages 94-102).

Smiley, Charles. (1960). "The Antiquity and Precision of Mayan Astronomy." (Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, Volume 54, Number 5, Pages 222-226). [Note: Detailed discussion of the Scorpion constellation and the Pleiades.]

Smith, Michael. (2003). "Can We Read Cosmology in Ancient Maya City Plans? Comment on Ashmore and Sabloff." (Latin American Antiquity, Volume 14, Number 2, Pages 221-228). [Note: Informed article critical of assertions of possible cosmological influences on Maya city planning. Michael Smith is presently (2006) an archaeologist at Arizona State University. He specializes in ancient Mesoamerican civilizations. Life dates: 1953- .]

Smith, Michael. (2005). "Did the Maya Build Architectural Cosmograms?" (Latin American Antiquity, Volume 16, Number 2, Pages 217-224). [Note: An informed article critical of assertions of possible cosmological influences on Maya city planning.]

Incan

Books/Pamphlets:

Aveni, Anthony. (Editor). (1990). The Lines of Nazca. [Note: Contains some brief critical discussions of the constellation/stellar alignment theory of the Nazca lines.]

Bauer, Brian. and Dearborn, David. (1995). Astronomy and Empire in the Ancient Andes. [Note: See specifically Chapter 5: Stellar Observations., Pages 101-140. See the (English-language) book reviews by Anthony Aveni in Archaeoastronomy (Supplement to Journal for the History of Astronomy), 1997, Number 22, Supplement to Volume 28, Pages S85-S87; and by Gary Urton in American Anthropologist, 1997, Volume 99, Number 2, June, Pages 458-459.]

Curry, Andrew. (2009). "Rituals of the Nasca Lines." (Archaeology, May/June, Volume 62, Number 3,  Pages 34-39). [Note: Sets out the results of new excavations that the purpose of the geoglyphs was rain ceremonies arising out of scarce water supplies as the climate changed circa 1000 BCE and the region became drier, and the rivers dried up.]

Hagar [his surname can also appear as Hager], Stansbury. (1900). "The Stellar Chart of Salcamayhua." In: Congrès International des Américanistes.

Hagar, Stansbury. (1902). "Cuzco, The Celestial City." In: Transactions of the International Congress of Americanists. (Pages 217-225). [Note: Paper presented at the 13th Session, New York, 1902. The Transactions were published in 1905. Also appeared as an off-print. As it is very difficult to find information on Stansbury Hagar I have chosen to give considerable details here. He was born in San Francisco in 1869 (and according to one source the son of Thomas Smith [= Thomas Hagar] and Amy Hagar [= Amanda Trembly]). However, San Francisco may not have been his parents city of residence. (Information from The New York Times (1868) on the wedding of his parents, and some other information, was kindly brought to my attention by Ann Bradburd, New York. It explains the Hagar family relationship to the (very wealthy) Tiffany family.) The Rev. William A. McVickar, at the residence of the bride's uncle, Charles L. Tiffany, on Wednesday, November 11, 1868, married Thomas Hagar, of Brooklyn, New York to Amy (i.e., Amanda) Trembly, of New-York City. Amanda Trembly’s mother was Harriet A. Tiffany who married Daniel Trembly. They had a daughter Amanda (Amy). He graduated from Yale University (Connecticut) in 1892 (correctly 1893?) with an A.B. [B.A.] (Bachelor of Arts).  In 1887 his address was Stansbury Hager, Box 532, N.Y.P.O. [New York Post Office]. He graduated from the New York Law School in 1897 with an LL.B. (Bachelor of Laws). (To be exact he received his Bachelor of Law Degree on June 10, 1897.) The title Professor is mistaken. The surname Hagar also appears as Hager - this spelling being used by Hagar past 1900 (and also by others). (His names appear in a multitude of spellings. The Yale Pot-pourri (1892, Volume 27) has him listed as Stanbury [obviously a misprint for Stansbury] Tiffany Hager.) It was usual, as least in his early life, and by friends, to call him "Stannie." It appears certain his name was originally Stansbury Tiffany Hager - but the spelling of his surname became changed to Hagar. (For his articles published in 1895 he used the spelling Hager. In his lengthy study on "Myths of the Cherokee" (1902) the ethnologist James Mooney has the spelling Hagar.) Stansbury Tiffany Hagar was primarily a lawyer (he identified himself as a Counsellor-at-Law). As he also engaged in ethnological inquiry during his career he also regarded himself (and was likewise regarded) as an ethnologist. (He was not, however, a professional ethnologist.) Who's Who in America states: "He studied Native American ethnology, and also archaeology, since he was at College (Yale?)." There is no indication that he formally studied ethnology or archaeology at Yale University. (It is actually quite likely that he had no formal training in anthropology/ethnology. He might be better termed an investigator of Native American lore. (He can be loosely categorised as a lawyer, ethnologist, and folklorist (and perhaps adventurer and traveller).) At the time that Hagar carried out his work there was no established standard for anthropological/ethnological certification.) Stansbury Hagar's principal investigations were conducted in Peru, among the Cherokee Indians of North Carolina, and the Micmacs of Novia Scotia, and in various European Museums. He early identified himself as a student of American ethnology and archaeology, especially the symbolic astronomy of Peru. (He was lecturing on Peruvian cosmology as early as 1899. He believed the ancient Peruvians possessed a large amount of astronomical knowledge.) Who's Who in New York 1914 basically offers he was: "Specially interested in Native American ethnology, both North and South America, making original researches and contributions on subject of astronomical symbolism of ancient Peru, and mythology and ritual of American Indians." By the standards of the day he can be called a Lawyer and Ethnologist. The New International Encyclopaedia, 1906, Volume 9, notes: "He became an investigator of Native American archaeology and ethnology." (At the turn of the 19th-century ethnology was still a new discipline. Broadly, each person wanting to be an ethnologist had to create their own credentials and reputation through research and publication.) Stansbury Hagar also visited Europe and this included pursuing his studies by visiting many European museums. (It is presently difficult to work out how he switched roles between lawyer and ethnologist.) His early ethnological work focused on the (North American) Micmacs of Nova Scotia, with 4 articles published on them between 1895 and 1900 in the American Anthropologist. However, in this time frame he also published an equal number of articles in other scientific journals. His early investigations also involved carrying out ethnological studies of the Cherokees of North Carolina, circa 1899-1900 (and was, I think, made a blood-brother). His manuscript on Cherokee star-lore was completed in 1900. (He was also adopted by the Hopi Indians of Arizona.) He also had an early focus on Meso-American and South American ethnology (and visited Peru prior to 1900) and promoted numerous speculative ideas regarding ancient Peruvian astronomy. One of his early ethnological goals was to record Micmac traditions and customs before the last informants were gone. (His work with the Micmacs began at least by 1894. For his several studies of Micmac lore he always based himself in the town of Digby (Nova Scotia). In 1895 his name and address (given in The Journal of American Folklore, Volume 8, 1895) was Stansbury Hager, Digby, Nova Scotia. As well as collecting Mi'kmaq lore throughout the 1890s he he also collected Mi'kmaq compound medicine materials and made drawings of Mi'kmaq scenes. (In an article in The Register-Guard (a newspaper published in Eugene, Oregon) for December 12, 1943, the amateur astronomer Dr James Pruett identifies that at one time Stansbury Hagar was travelling and camping with a Micmac chief.) At the time of these studies there were only 160 Micmac in Digby County.) On April 29, 1894, he presented a lantern photograph lecture on the Micmacs, at the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. In 1895 he read a paper on Micmac Magic and Medicine to the 7th Annual Meeting of the American Folk-lore Society. However, from 1897 he basically focused on practicing law. He was also, from 1893 till his resignation in 1939, an officer at the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences. After his resignation he did not maintain contact. His initial positions there were (apparently) Executive Officer (rather than Secretary, as some sources state) of the Department of Astronomy (likely to correctly be the Department of Archaeology), and (apparently) Secretary of the Department of Ethnology. I have not seen the Brooklyn Institute identify him as Secretary of the Department of Astronomy. It is likely that this is a mistake in the 1914 edition of Herringshaw's National Library of American Biography. (American Men of Science (1906) states he was a Member of the Executive Committee of the Department of Astronomy at the Brooklyn Institute.) He was (apparently) variously Secretary of the Department of Ethnology (from 1893), then Secretary of the Department of Archaeology (from at least 1903), President of the Department of Ethnology (by at least 1918), Executive Officer of the Departments of Ethnology and Astronomy (at least by 1920), Secretary of the Council, and President of the Department of Ethnology (at least by 1927). An early date for Stansbury Hagar as Secretary of the Department of Ethnology causes some confusion as the sources differ somewhat on titles and dates. (In 1893 he has the title of Secretary for some department at the Brooklyn Institute but the claim for Secretary of the Department of Ethnology creates a puzzle.) (The Museum of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences established a Department of Ethnology in 1903. Stewart Culin (1858-1929) was the founding Curator of Ethnology at the Museum from 1903 until he retired from his role in the 1920s. He was an avid collector of Native American relics for the Museum.) However, circa 1902 he is mentioned in publications as Secretary of the Department of Archaeology at the Brooklyn Institute. Possibly there was a name change with the Department from Archaeology to Ethnology in 1903, when it appears the Department of Ethnology was established. The Department of Archaeology was organised in 1889 with 24 members, and Stansbury Hager as Secretary (possibly Secretary Membership?). In 1894 it had 133 members. Between 1904 and 1927 he represented the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences periodically at the annual conferences of the International Congress of Americanists. By 1912 he was certainly Secretary of the Department of Ethnology. (The Brooklyn Museum Handbook for 1967 states that from 1897-1918 Stansbury Hagar was Secretary of the Department of Archaeology and Secretary, President of the Department of Ethnology.) (In the publication The Brooklyn Institute of Arts & Sciences, Department of Education, Prospectus for 1915-1916, his name appears as Stansbury Hagar, M.A., Secretary, Department of Ethnology, Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences.) He was also, by 1903 at least, a member of the Executive Committee of the Brooklyn Institute. (I cannot presently identify whether any of the positions he held were intended as full-time or part-time paid positions, or were simply honorary.) His residence and law office was in New York City (i.e., variously apartments in Brooklyn and Harlem). In an article on Micmac customs in Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science his address is 372 Washington Avenue, Brooklyn, NY. In 1900 had a Law Office at 31 Nassau Street, New York City, and later his Law Office was at 48 Wall Street, Manhattan, New York City. (For 1905 (at least) one publication has his address as 62 Wall Street, New York City, but this is likely an error. Circa 1921 his address was 662, East, 21st Street, Brooklyn; other addresses given for Brooklyn are 205 Park Place, Times, Brooklyn, and 162 St. Marks Avenue, Brooklyn.His last address was 24 Fiske Place Times Plaza, Brooklyn, New York. Stansbury Hagar was a member/fellow of numerous organisations and scientific societies. He was probably, at one time or another, a member of some 30-40 organisations/societies/clubs and held office in many of them. He was a founder and member of the American Anthropological Association - and later a Fellow of such. He was not always well liked. In a letter to Alfred Kroeber in 1918 Edward Sapir wrote: "Presumerably Hagar will get sore and resign in a huff. Well, let him." Stansbury Hagar remained a member of the American Anthropological Association until his death. In 1910 at least he was on the Executive Committee of the American Ethnological Society. He was also a Fellow of the American Ethnological Society. He was also a member of the International Congress of Americanists (Congrès International des Américanistes), and was also a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He attended, or at least sent papers, to the conferences of the International Congress of Americanists as early as 1902. He was made (i.e., elected) a member  of the American Association for the Advancement of Science Council in 1900. He was a member of the American Folk-Lore Society (and (elected) Councillor and Vice-President, 1900). He was a staunch advocate of Indian rights. In the 2nd decade of the 20th-century he was associated with the fledgling organisation and publication The Quarterly Journal of the Society of American Indians. He believed that all religions in essence were the same. (Interestingly, in 1932 he was Vice-President of the Vendanta Society (New York Centre).) Stansbury Hagar was also a member of the Salmagundi Club, also known as the Salmagundi Art Club. The club serves as a center for fine arts and artists, conducting art exhibitions, art classes, demonstrations, and art auctions, and hosts many other events. One source would have him joining the Explorer's Club (New York) in 1932. However, it appears he helped establish the Explorer's Club (of New York). It appears that he was a Director of the Explorers' Club of New York at least by 1915. Whatever the date he joined he resigned and then rejoined in 1937 as an active life member. One source states he married Clara Robinson in New York City on September 20, 1900. However, the St. John Daily Sun, September 25, 1900, Page 2 reports "Stansbury Hagar of New York and Miss Robinson, daughter of our post master, were married on Friday at Boston, where the bride has been living for the past two years. They will reside at New York, where the groom practises law." (One early 1900s source still has him as as single. Another source indicates his wife died young, but this is uncertain.) As early as 1903 the Year-Book of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences mentions "The Stansbury Hagar Collection of Indian Relics." (The earliest mention of the collection I can find is 1902.) Hagar was somewhat obsessed with astronomical interpretations. He was a strong supporter of the rather bizarre astronomical mythology propounded by the English civil servant James Hewitt. He was also an avid supporter of the solar mythology school. He was an ardent cultural diffusionist and his favourite theme was a common zodiac existing throughout the Americas (literally a zodiacal cult) prior to Columbus. (See especially his review of the pamphlet Las Constelaciones del Orión y de las Hiadas by the German anthropologist/ethnologist Robert Lehmann-Nitsche (1921) in American Anthropologist, New Series, Volume 24, 1922, Pages 217-219.) He believed he had identified a zodiac in the stucco decorations of the facade of a pyramid at the Mayan city of Acanceh. He also believed he had identified a zodiac at the Santa Rita Mayan Ruin, and he also attempted to make the identification of a Mayan zodiac at Palenque. His attempts to identify astronomical patterns in Peruvian and other landscapes are most likely mistaken. His misguided attempts to reconstruct the constellations of the Inca were made on his erroneous assumption that they were identical to Greek and Roman constellations. (As example: Hagar believed that the Mayan temples at Izamal, Yucatan, were based upon the zodiacal constellations (which matched the Greek zodiac) as symbols. Also according to Hagar the Peruvian temples at Cuzco had exactly the same significance.) Though throughout his career Hagar was usually highly thought of as an ethnologist his ideas and conclusions are now rarely cited by professional anthropologists/ethnologists. Hagar is most probably to be classed as a minor ethnologist. (He was also sometimes identified as an ethnologist and archaeologist.) He even stated (in 1912) that he was contented with practicing law. He was extremely active throughout his life. He was described by Ernest Ingersoll of the Explorer's Club (1943) as "... a man of indefatigable enthusiasm and endeavour." (He seems to have done little continuous or lengthy field work.) He published an article (his last?) in 1933 (but possibly 1942). (In 1933 he proposed that the crescent-shaped mounds at the Portsmouth Earthworks were meant to symbolise the moon (Popular Archaeology, Volume 42, Number 2, Pages 35-50).) Hagar stated he was a Democrat in politics. Stansbury Hagar died at New York Methodist Hospital (in Brooklyn) in 1942, aged 74 years (following a short illness). His funeral service was conducted by the funeral home of Walter B. Cooke, Inc. At the time of his death he had lost all contact with the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences (which was circa 1941-1942 making inquiries regarding his whereabouts). An obituary notes he was survived by one daughter, Margery Hagar. Brief biographical entries for him appear in many types of encyclopedias for the period 1900-1940. See: Who's Who In America 1903-1905 edited by [Albert Marquis and] John Leonard, 1903, Page 619; Who's Who in New York (City and State) 1914, edited by W[?]. Mohr, Sixth Biennial Edition, 1915, Page 315; and Who's Who In America, Volume 22, 1942-1943 edited by Albert Marquis [Editor Emeritus], 1942, Page 973. See also: "Obituaries Section - Stansbury Hagar" in The New York Times, Friday, December 25, 1942, Pages 17ff; and "Obituary - Stansbury Hagar" by Ernest Ingersoll in Explorer's Journal, Volume 21, 1943, Page 8). Life dates: 1869-1943.]

Hagar, Stansbury. (1904). "The Peruvian Asterisms and Their Relation to the Ritual." (The American Antiquarian and Oriental Journal, Volume XXVI, January-November, Number 6, Pages 329-336).  [Note: First presented at the 14th International Congress of Americanists held in Stuttgart, 1904.]

Hagar, Stansbury. (1906). "The Peruvian Asterisms and Their Relation to the Ritual." In: XIV Internationaler Amerikanisten-Kongress. (3 Volumes). [Note: The article is in Volume 2, Pages 593-602. The 14th International Congress of Americanists was held in Stuttgart, 1904. The article is another speculative attempt by the author to show the existence of a European type zodiac in pre-Columbian America.]

Mali, Giulio. (2007). "Dark-cloud constellations and the sacred landscape of the Inca heartland." In: Zedda, Mauro. and Belmonte, Juan. (Editors).  Lights and Shadows in Cultural Astronomy. (Pages 137-142). [Notes: Proceedings of the SEAC 2005, Isili, Sardinia, 28 June to 3 July. SEAC = European Society for Astronomy in Culture.]

Pitluga, Phyllis. (2005). "Analysis of the Nazca Spirals." In: Kelley, David. and Milone, Gene. Exploring Ancient Skies: An Encyclopedic Survey of Astronomy. (Pages 331-338).

Sullivan, William. (1996). The Secret of the Incas. [Note: The author, who holds a doctorate from the Center of American Indian Studies at the University of Saint Andrew's (Scotland), applies the precessional mythology theme of Hamlet's Mill to the mythology of the Incas. His PhD was awarded in 1987 for research on which the book is based. The title of his doctoral dissertation was "The astronomy of Andean myth: The history of a cosmology." The Abstract reads: "It is shown that Andean myth, on one level, represents a technical language recording astronomical observations of precession and, at the same time, an historical record of simultaneous social and celestial transformations. Topographic and architectural terms of Andean myth are interpreted as a metaphor for the organization of and locations on the celestial sphere. Via ethnoastronomical date, mythical animals are identified as stars and placed on the celestial sphere according to their topographical location. Tested in the planetarium, these arrays generate cluster of dates - 200 B.C. and 650 A.D. Analysis of the names of Wiraqocha and Manco Capac indicates they represent Saturn and Jupiter and that their mythical meeting represents their conjunction in 650 A.D. The astronomy of Andean myth is then used as an historical tool to examine how the Andean priest-astronomers recorded the simultaneous creation of the avllu and of this distinctive astronomical system about 200 B.C. The idea that the agricultural avllu, with its double descent system stressing the importance of paternity, represents a transformation of society from an earlier matrilineal/horticultural era is examined in light of the sexual imagery employed in myth. Wiraqocha's androgyny and the division of the celestial sphere into male (ecliptic) and female (celestial equator = earth) are interpreted as cosmological validations of the new social structure." The author also holds a MLitt degree from the Centre for Latin American Linguistic Studies at the University of Saint Andrew's (Scotland). The thesis topic for this was "Quechua Star Names", and was based on fieldwork into star names currently known to the Indians of Peru and Bolivia. See the (English-language) book review by Gerardo Aldana in Archaeoastronomy, Supplement to: Journal for the History of Astronomy, Volume 28, Number 22, 1997, Pages S88-S89.]

Urton, Gary. (1981). At the Crossroads of the Earth and the Sky. [Note: See especially Chapter 5: The Stars and Constellations., Pages 95-111.]

Urton, Gary. (2005). "Constructions of the Ritual-Agricultural Calendar in Pacariqtambo, Peru." In: Chamberlain, Von Del., Carlson, John. and Young, Mary. (2005). Songs from the Sky: Indigenous Astronomical and Cosmological Traditions of the World. (Pages 180-192). [Note: Comprises selected proceedings papers of the "First International Conference on Ethnoastronomy," Washington, D.C., 1983. Published as Volumes XII-XIII, 1996, of Archaeoastronomy: The Journal of the Center Archaeoastronomy. An excellent collection of papers.]

Woodside, Joseph. (2005). "Amhuaca Astronomy and Star Lore." In: Chamberlain, Von Del., Carlson, John. and Young, Mary. (2005). Songs from the Sky: Indigenous Astronomical and Cosmological Traditions of the World. (Pages 229-235). [Note: Comprises selected proceedings papers of the "First International Conference on Ethnoastronomy," Washington, D.C., 1983. Published as Volumes XII-XIII, 1996, of Archaeoastronomy: The Journal of the Center Archaeoastronomy. An excellent collection of papers.]

Zuidema, Reiner. (1983). "Catachillay: the role of the Pleiades and of the Southern Cross and Alpha and Beta Centauri in the calendar of the Incas." In: Aveni, Anthony. and Urton, Gary. (Editors). Ethnoastronomy and Archaeoastronomy in the American Tropics. (203-229.]

Zuidema, Reiner. (1983). "Towards a general Andean star calendar in ancient Peru." In: Aveni, Anthony. and Brotherston, Gordon. (Editors). Calendars in Mesoamerica and Peru: Native American Computations of Time. [Note: Proceedings of the 44th International Congress of Americanists, BAR [British Archaeological Reports] International Series 174, Pages 235-262. Reiner Zuidema is Professor of Anthropology Emeritus at the University of Illinois. Life dates: 1927- .]

Articles/Entries:

Steele, Paul. and Allen, Catherine. (2004). "Constellations." In: Handbook of Inca Mythology. (Pages 142-145).

Urton, Gary. (1978). "Beasts and Geometry: Some Constellations of the Peruvian Quechuas." (Anthropos, Volume 73, Pages 32-40).

Urton, Gary. (1980). "Celestial Crosses: The Cruciform in Quecha Astronomy." (Journal of Latin American Lore. Volume 6, Number 1. Pages ?-?).

Zuidema, Reiner. and Urton, Gary. (1976). "La constelación del la Llama en los andes peruanos." (Allpanchis Phuturinga: Revista del Instituto de Pastoral Andina, Volume 9, Pages 59-120).

Peruvian/Amazonian

Books/Pamphlets:

Lehmann-Nitsche, Robert. (1921). Las Constelaciones del Orión y de las Hiadas. [Note: Intended as the first of a series of pamphlets dealing with the astronomical knowledge of South American tribal Indians. The author was a German anthropologist/ethnologist. See the (English-language) review by the amateur ethnologist Stansbury Hagar in American Anthropologist, New Series, Volume 24, 1922, Pages 217-219.]

Roe, Peter. (2005). "Mythic Substitution and the Stars: Aspects of Shipibo and Quechua Ethnoastronomy Compared." In: Chamberlain, Von Del., Carlson, John. and Young, Mary. (2005). Songs from the Sky: Indigenous Astronomical and Cosmological Traditions of the World. (Pages 193-228). [Note: Comprises selected proceedings papers of the "First International Conference on Ethnoastronomy," Washington, D.C., 1983. Published as Volumes XII-XIII, 1996, of Archaeoastronomy: The Journal of the Center Archaeoastronomy. An excellent collection of papers.]

Articles/Entries:

Gundrum, Darrell. (2000). "Fabric of Time." (Archaeology, Volume 53, Number 2, March/April, Pages ?-?). [Note: The author has analysed the imagery on a restored ancient textile from Peru's Paracas Peninsula and identified, amongst other things, several stars and constellations.]

Roe, Peter, (1993). "The Pleiades in Comparative Perspective: The Waiwai Shirkoimo and the Shipibo Huishmabo." In: Ruggles, Clive. and Saunders, Nicholas. (Editors). Astronomies and Cultures. (Chapter 10, Pages 296-328).

Steinen, Karl von den. (1894). "<<Plejaden>> und <<Jahr>> bei Indianern des nordöstlichen Südamerikas (Globus, Band LXV (65), Number 15, Pages 243-246). [Note: The year of publication sometimes appears incorrectly as 1891. The author was a distinguished German ethnologist/anthropologist (and university Professor) who spent a number of years (during the 1880s) in expeditions studying Indian tribes of South America. This short article concerns the star lore of South American Indians, particularly the Bakairi Indians of Central Brazil. Life dates: 1855-1929. See the (English-language) obituary in Nature, Volume 125, Issue 3145, February 8, 1930, Pages 208-209; and the (German-language) entry "Karl von den Steinen" by Hans Plischke i Deutsches Biographisches Jahrbuch, Band 11, 1929; and also "Nécrologie: Karl von den Steinen" by Erland Nordenskiöld in Journal de la Societé Américanistes, Band 22, 1930, Pages 221-227.]

Burmese/Cambodian

Books/Pamphlets:

Barth, Auguste. and Bergaigne, Abel. (1885). Inscriptions sanscrites du Cambodge. [Note: French-language book. Life dates for Auguste Barth: 1834-1916. Life dates for Abel Bergaigne: 1838-1888.]

Faraut, F[?]. (1910). Astronomie cambodgienne. [Note: The title also appears as Astronomie cambodienne. The French-language book (approximately 280 pages) deals with Khmer astronomy. The author was probably working for the (French) Commission Archéologique de l'Indo-Chine. Life dates: circa 1850-1911.]

Irwin. A[?]. (1909). The Burmese and Arakanese Calendars. [Note: Brief listing of zodiacal signs and nakshtras (nekkats).]

Marshall, Harry [Harold]. (1922). The Karen People of Burma: A Study in Anthropology and Ethnology. [Note: See: VII. Measure of Time and Space. Karen Astronomy. starting page 48.]

Articles/Entries:

Chatterjee, S[?]. (1998). "Traditional Calendar of Myanmar (Burma)." (Indian Journal of History of Science, Volume 33, Number 2, Pages 143-160).

De Silva, Thomas. (1914). "Burmese Astronomy." (Journal of the Burma Research Society, Volume 4, April, Pages 23-43; 107-118; 171-207).

Stewart, Joe. (1980). "On Burmese Calendrics and Astronomy." (Archaeoastronomy: The Bulletin of the Center for Archaeoastronomy, Volume 3, Number 3, July-August-September, Pages 17-19).

Zaw, Khin. (1937). "The 27 Nakshatras and the 8 Inner Constellations." (Journal of the Burma Research Society, Volume 27, Number 1, Pages 75-83).

Indonesian/Malaysian

Books/Pamphlets:

Ammarell, Gene. (2005). "The Planetarium and the Plough: Interpreting Star Calendars of Rural Java." In: Chamberlain, Von Del., Carlson, John. and Young, Mary. (2005). Songs from the Sky: Indigenous Astronomical and Cosmological Traditions of the World. (Pages 320-335). [Note: Comprises selected proceedings papers of the "First International Conference on Ethnoastronomy," Washington, D.C., 1983. Published as Volumes XII-XIII, 1996, of Archaeoastronomy: The Journal of the Center Archaeoastronomy. An excellent collection of papers.]

Mackenzie, Donald. (1930). Myths from Melanesia and Indonesia. [Note: The author was a Scottish journalist and prolific writer on religion, mythology, and anthropology in the early 20th-century. Life dates 1873-1936.]

Pelras, Christian. (1987). "Le Ciel et Les Jours. Constellations et Calendriers Agraires Chez Les Bugis (Celebes, Indonesie)." In: Koechlin, Bernard. (Editor). De la Vout Celeste au Terroir, du Jardin au Foyer: Mosaïque Sociographique. (Pages 19-33). [Note: Festschrift for Lucien Bernot.]

Articles/Entries:

Ammarell, Gene. (1988). "Sky Calendars of the Indo-Malay Archipelago: Regional Diversity/Local Knowledge." (Indonesia, Volume 45, April, Pages 84-104).

Ammarell, Gene. (1991). "The Planetarium and the Plough: Interpreting Star Calendars of Java." (Yale Graduate Journal of Anthropology, Volume 3, Pages 11-25).

Ammarell, Gene. (1997). "Astronomy in the Indo-Malay Archipelago." In: Selin, Helaine. (Editor). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. (Pages 117-125).

Hose, Charles. (1904). "Various Methods of Computing Time for Planting Among the Races of Borneo." (Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Number 42). [Note: Charles Hose was a colonial administrator (Divisional Resident and Member of The Supreme Council of Sarawak) and zoologist. Life dates: 1863-1929.]

Philippines

Books/Pamphlets:

Galang, Zoilo. (Editor). (3rd edition, 1950-1958). Encyclopedia of the Philippines. [Note: 20 Volume publication. Relevant topics are grouped together in particular volumes. Volumes 13-14 Science has an article on the antiquity of Philippine astronomy.]

Articles/Entries:

Espinas. Phoebe. (1993). "The Folk Astronomy of the Ayta of San Marcelino." (National Museum Papers, Volume 4, Number 1, Pages 36-46). [Note: At the time of the article the author was a Senior Researcher of the Planetarium Division of the National Museum, and was detailed to the Anthropology Division. She has a Master of Science degree in plant biology. The native Ayta community were made accessible when they were forced to flee the Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption in 1991 and resettle in New Cabalan, Olongapo.]

Schlegel, Stuart. (1967). "Tiruray Constellations: The Agricultural Astronomy of a Philippine Hill." (Philippine Journal of Science, Volume 96, Number 3, Pages 319-331).

Schlegel, Stuart. (1987-1988). "The Traditional Tiruray Zodiac: The Celestial Calendar of a Philippine Swidden and Foraging People." (Archaeoastronomy: The Journal of the Center for Archaeoastronomy, Volume 10, Pages 61-69). [Note: Also published in the Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society, Volume 15, Numbers 1-2, 1987, Pages 12-26.]

Oceania/Pacific

Books/Pamphlets:

Åkerblom, Kjell. (1968). Astronomy and Navigation in Polynesia and Micronesia, A Survey. [Note: A pamphlet.]

Bastion, Adolf. (1881, Reprinted 1986). Die heilige Sage der Polynesier, Kosmologie und Theogonie. [Note: The original edition is now quite rare.]

Bryan, Junior., E[?]. (1955, Reprinted 1977 and 1988). Stars over Hawaii. [Note: 48-page pamphlet but only pages 44-48 deal with native Polynesian/Hawaiian astronomy/star names.]

Capell, A[?]. (1968, 3rd edition). A New Fijian Dictionary.

Chauvin, Michael. (2000). "Useful and Conceptual Astronomy in Ancient Hawaii." In: Selin, Helaine. (Editor). Astronomy Across Culture: The History of Non-Western Astronomy. (Pages 91-125).

Collocott, Ernest. (1922). Tongan Astronomy and Calendar. [Note: 19 page pamphlet (Occasional Paper (Volume 8, Number 4) of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum. Life dates 1886-1970.]

Fale, Tevita. (1999). Tongan Astronomy.

Finney, Ben. (2005). "Applied Ethnoastronomy: Navigating by the Stars Across the Pacific." In: Chamberlain, Von Del., Carlson, John. and Young, Mary. (2005). Songs from the Sky: Indigenous Astronomical and Cosmological Traditions of the World. (Pages 336-348). [Note: Comprises selected proceedings papers of the "First International Conference on Ethnoastronomy," Washington, D.C., 1983. Published as Volumes XII-XIII, 1996, of Archaeoastronomy: The Journal of the Center Archaeoastronomy. An excellent collection of papers.]

Goodenough, Ward. (1953). Native Astronomy in the Central Carolines. [Note: 50 page monograph. Discussion of navigational stars.]

Johnson, Rubellite. and Mahelona, John. (1975). Na Inoa Hoku: A Catalogue of Hawaiian and Pacific Star Names. [Note: The authors attempt to gather together the fragmentary record of Oceanic star knowledge. The main body of the book comprises 3 annotated lists of star names: Hawaiian, Pacific, and Indo-European. They are out of their depth when dealing with Egyptian, European, and Near Eastern star lore. In these areas they can be completely unreliable through uncritically accepting dated popular material. See the (English-language) book reviews by Garth Rogers in The Journal of the Polynesian Society, Volume 86, 1977, Pages 425-428; and by William Tagupa in Archaeology & Physical Anthropology in Oceania, Volume XIV, Number 3, October, 1979, Pages 227-228. A revised edition by Rubellite Johnson, John Mahelona, and Clive Ruggles was expected circa 2005 but is still (November, 2008) in preparation. It is now expected to be published some time in 2009. The Hawaiian astronomer Paul Coleman (University of Hawaii, Institute for Astronomy) is also actively involved in clarifying and expanding the knowledge of Oceanic star names.]

Kirch, Patrick. and Green, Roger. (2001). Hawaiki, Ancestral Polynesia: An Essay in Historical Anthropology. [Note: See: "Time Reckoning and the Ritual Cycle." Pages 260-276. Detailed discussion of the calendrical importance of the Pleiades star cluster. An excellent discussion of the agricultural importance of the Pleiades for the Polynesians. Both authors are anthropologists and academics.]

Kotz, Alfred. (1911). Über die astronomischen Kenntnisse der Naturvölker Australiens und der Südsee. [Note: Doctoral thesis of less than 100 pages. A comprehensive summary. Life dates: 1888-?]

Kyselka, Will. and Brunton, George. (1969, reprinted 1989?). Polynesian Stars and Men: The Puzzle of the Ancient Navigation of the Polynesians.

Lewis, David. (1972, Reprinted 1973, and 1975). We, the Navigators: The Ancient Art of Landfinding in the Pacific. [Note: Excellent.]

Lewis, David. (1974). "Voyaging stars: aspects of Polynesian and Micronesian astronomy." In: Hodgson, Frank. (Editor). The Place of Astronomy in the Ancient World. (Pages 133-148).

Mackenzie, Donald. (1930). Myths from Melanesia and Indonesia. [Note: The author was a Scottish journalist and prolific writer on religion, mythology, and anthropology in the early 20th-century. Life dates 1873-1936.]

Makemson, Maud. (1941). The Morning Star Rises: An Account of Polynesian Astronomy. [Note: An account of Polynesian astronomy and navigation. Includes astronomical folklore. The book is based on her personal research over 5 years, including time in Hawaii using the resources of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum. In all 772 star names are listed - but the identification of many of these are quite vague. See the (English-language) book reviews by William Barton Junior in American Anthropologist, January/March, 1944, Volume 46, Number 1, Pages 134-135; and by Herbert Chatley in Folk-Lore, Volume 58, Number 1, March, 1947, Pages 242-243. Maud Makemson was an American astronomer (largely self-taught). She started her career as a newspaper reporter and public school teacher. She obtained her Ph.D. in astronomy in 1930 from the University of California, Berkeley. At the time of writing the book she was Chairman of the Department of Astronomy at Vassar College (City of Poughkeepsie, New York). In 1957 the author retired from the position of Maria Mitchell Alumnae Professor of Astronomy at Vassar College (after 25 years on the faculty). She was also director of the Vassar College Observatory. See the biographical entry in American Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary by Martha Bailey (1994) Pages 232-233; and also the biographical entry in Notable Women Scientists edited by Pamela Proffitt (1999) Pages 350-351. Life dates: 1891-1977.]

Orchiston, Wayne. (2000). "A Polynesian Astronomical Perspective: The Maori of New Zealand." In: Selin, Helaine. (Editor). Astronomy Across Culture: The History of Non-Western Astronomy. (Pages 161-196).

Pukui, Mary. and Elbert, Samuel. (1986, Revised and enlarged edition). Hawaiian Dictionary. [Note: First published 1957. Life dates for Mary Pukui 1895-? Life dates for Samuel Elbert 1907-?]

Sharp, Andrew. (1956, Reprinted 1957). Ancient Voyagers in the Pacific. [Note: Somewhat critical of the theory of astral navigation.]

Sharp, Andrew. (1963). Ancient Voyages in Polynesia. [Note: The author spent much of his career in the Indian Civil Service.]

Williamson, Robert. (1933, Reprinted 1977). Religious and Cosmic Beliefs of Central Polynesia. (2 Volumes; See Volume 1). [Note: Not always reliable. New Zealand, Hawaii, and Fiji are excluded. See the (English-language) book reviews by Walter Ivens in Folk-Lore, Volume XLV, 1934, Pages 94-95; and J. C. A. in The Journal of the Polynesian Society, Volume 43, Number 170, 1934, Pages 118-123. Robert Williamson worked under the British anthropologist Alfred Haddon in New Guinea but was not himself an academic. Life dates 1856-1932.]

Articles/Entries:

Best, Elsdon. (1918). "Polynesian Navigators: Their Exploring and Settlement of the Pacific." (Geographical Review, Volume V, Pages 169-182).

Bunton, George. and Valier, Louis. (1963). "Stars over paradise." (Pacific Discovery, Volume 16, Number 6, November-December, Pages 2-9).

Grimble, Arthur. (1931). "Gilbertese Astronomy and Astronomical Observances." (Journal of the Polynesian Society, Volume 40 [XL], Number 160, Pages 197-224). [Note: Amplifies and corrects an earlier (1924) publication: Astronomical Notes in Part. 4 of "Canoes in the Gilbert Islands." Sir Arthur Grimble was a member of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony Administrative Service from 1914-1932. Particularly during the period from 1922 to 1925, when he was Colony Lands Commissioner, he spent his spare time in ethnographic research. When Colony Resident Commissioner from 1926 to 1932 he wrote six unpublished papers on aspects of  Gilbertese culture. Life dates: 1888-1956.]

Harber, Hubert. (1979). "Astronomical Techniques of the Polynesian Seafarers." (The Planetarian, Volume 8, Number 3).

Henry, Teuira. (1907). "Tahitian Astronomy, Birth of the Heavenly Bodies." (The Journal of the Polynesian Society, Volume XVI, Number 2, Number 62, June, Pages 101-104). [Note: The information contained in the article dates back to a record of oral tradition made in 1822.]

Hops, Alfred. (1956). "Die polyesische und mikronesische Seefahrt." (Der Seewart, Band 17, Number 3, Pages 86-93, Band 17, Number 4, Pages 125-134, and Band 17, Number 5, Pages 172-183).

Iping, Rosina. (1998). "The Astronomical Significance of Ancient Chamorro Cave Paintings." (Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, Volume 31, December, Pages 671-???).

Kursh, Charlotte. and Kreps, Theodora. (1974). "Starpaths: Linear Constellations in Tropical Navigation." (Current Anthropology, Volume 15, Number 3, September, Pages 334-337). [Note: The authors discuss the concept of linear constellations (starpaths = stars sharing the same declination i.e., the same rising and setting point) for navigational purposes. The  theory of Polynesian long niavigation by the stars was introduced by Harold Gatty, an expert in modern navigation, in his book Nature is Your Guide (1958). The theory has been criticised as misunderstanding astronomy.]

Kyselka, Will. (1993). "On the Rising of the Pleiades." (The Hawaiian Journal of History, Volume 27, Pages 173-183).

Makemson, Maud. (1938). "Hawaiian astronomical concepts." (American Anthropologist, Volume 40, Pages 370-383).

Makemson, Maud. (1939). "Hawaiian astronomical concepts II." (American Anthropologist, Volume 41, Pages 589-596).

Peteuil, Marie-Françoise. (2003). "Ciel d'îles." (Journal de la Société des Océanistes, Tome 116, Pages?-?). [Note: Abstract. This paper focuses on the links found in Polynesia between navigation and the stars (such as the star compass and the etak). It also attempts to show other links, such as those existing between stars and islands, stars and sea travels, stars and time, between the names of stars, heroes and toponymy.]

Schück, Albert. (1882). "Die astronomischen, geographischen und nautischen kentnisse der bewonner de Karolinen- und Marshallinseln." (Aus allen Welttheilen, Band 13, Pages 51-57). [Note: Drawing from early European accounts, Schück discusses the knowledge and use of the various points in the rising and setting of stars in relation to the horizon as well as the use of important stars for 12 wind directions. Schück also discusses European recordings of indigenous knowledge and use of stars, planets, and constellations, the construction of a stellar compass with bamboo sticks, and the usage of tattoos as geographical registers in the Carolines.]

Schück, Albert. (1884). "Die eentwickelung unseres bekanntwedens mit den astronomischen, geographischen und nautischen kenntnissen der Karolineninsulaner im Westlichen grossen Nord-Ocean." (Tijdschrift van het Koninklijke Nederlandsch Aardrijksundig, Genootschap te Amsterdam, Serie 1, Deel 2, Pages 226-251). [Note: In summarizing early European documentation on the navigational abilities and exploits of Caroline islanders, Schück notes the division of the horizon into 12 directions, indigenous names of 23 stars and constellations prominent in stellar phases of navigation, the use of the height of stars to reach a target island’s latitude, the use of stick charts during voyages to determine direction, and the conceptualization of the earth as a disc on whose edge the sky rests.

Stair, John. (1898). "The Names and Movements of the Heavenly Bodies, as Looked at From a Samoan Point of View." (Journal of the Polynesian Society, Volume VII, Number 1, [Number 25], March, Pages 48-49).

Easter Island

Books/Pamphlets:

Barthel, Thomas. (1978). The Eighth Land: The Polynesian Discovery and Settlement of Easter Island.

Churchill, William. and Roussel, Hippolyte. (1912). Easter Island: The Rapanui Speech and the Peopling of Southeast Polynesia.

Métraux, Alfred. (1971). Ethnology of Easter Island.

Van Tilburg, JoAnne. (1994). Easter Island: Archaeology, Ecology, and Culture.

Articles/Entries:

Hockey, Thomas. and Hoffman, Alice. (2000). "An Archaeological Investigation: Does a Constellation Pattern Appear in Rapanui Rock Art?" (Rapa Nui Journal, Volume XIV, Number 3, September, Pages 85-88). [Note: Suggests the identification of the stars of Sagittarius on a particular pattern of hollows made on a rock.]

Australian Aboriginal/Torres Strait Islanders

Books/Pamphlets:

Cairns, Hugh. and Branagan, David. (1992). "Artificial patterns on rock surfaces in the Sydney region, New South Wales. Evidence for Aboriginal time charts and sky maps." In: Macdonald, J[?]. and Haskovic, I[?]. (Editors). State of the Art: regional art studies in Australia and Melanesia. (Pages ?-?).

Cairns, Hugh. (2003). "Discoveries in Aboriginal Sky-Mapping (Australia)." In: Fountain, John. and Sinclair, Rolf. (Editors). Current Studies in Archaeoastronomy: Conversations Across Time and Space. (Pages 523-538). [Note: Selected papers from the 5th Oxford international conference on archaeoastronomy held at Santa Fe in 1996.]

Haddon, Alfred. (1901-1912). Reports of the Cambridge anthropological expedition to Torres Straits. (6 Volumes). [Note: See specifically volume 4 (published 1912), volume 5 (published 1904), and volume 6 (published 1908). During 1888-1889 Alfred Haddon was on an 18 month expedition investigating the marine zoology of Torres Straits. At the time of the expedition he was Professor of Zoology at the Royal College of Sciences, and Assistant Naturalist to the Science and Art Museum in Dublin. During the course of this expedition he spent his most of his spare time making ethnological observations. Life dates: 1855-1940.]

Haynes, Raymond. et. al. (1996). Explorers of the Southern Sky: A History of Australian Astronomy. [Note: See Chapter 1 (Pages-7-20): Dreaming the Stars: Aboriginal Astronomy and the Southern Sky.]

Haynes, Roslynn. (2000). "Astronomy and the Dreaming: The Astronomy of the Aboriginal Australians." In: Selin, Helaine. (Editor). Astronomy Across Culture: The History of Non-Western Astronomy. (Pages 53-90).

Johnson, Dianne. (1998). Night Skies of Aboriginal Australia: A Noctuary. [Note: An excellent 147 page monograph that comprises a comprehensive compilation of information gained second-hand through library research. She was not aware of the comprehensive doctoral dissertation by Alfred Kotz. The author is an anthropologist. See the (English-language) book reviews by John Morieson in Oceania, December 1, 1998; and John Morton The Australian Journal of Anthropology, August, 2001.]

Kotz, Alfred. (1911). Über die astronomischen Kenntnisse der Naturvölker Australiens und der Südsee. [Note: Doctoral thesis of less than 100 pages. A comprehensive summary. Life dates: 1888-?]

Morieson, John. (1996). The night sky of the Boorong. [Note: Unpublished M.A. thesis, University of Melbourne. The author teaches at Swinburne Institute of Technology in Melbourne, Victoria. The author believes he has presented evidence for the Boorong aboriginal clan of north-west Victoria (now no longer extant) having a system of some 30 constellations that may date back 23,000 years (if the carbon-dating case holds). It is also held that the ecliptic was a primary reference point for the marking of these constellations. The case largely revolves around notes made by William Stanbridge, an early 19th-century north-west Victorian farmer, of the astronomical lore related to him by a particular family belonging to the Boorong clan. William Stanbridge is the only source for the existence of the Boorong clan and its astronomical knowledge.]

Morieson, John. (2002). Stars over Tyrell: The night sky of the Boorong. [Note: Privately published by the author. Undoubtedly comprised of his 1996 M.A. thesis.]

Norris, Ray. and Hamacher, Duane. (2009). "The Astronomy of Aboriginal Australia." In: Valls-Gabaud, David. and Boksenberg, Alec. (Editors). The Role of Astronomy in Society and Culture. (Pages 10-17). [Note: Proceedings IAU Symposium Number 260. Speculative article that includes a brief discussion of some Koori constellations.]

Orchiston, Wayne. (1996). "Australian Aboriginal, Polynesian and Maori Astronomy." In: Walker, Christopher. (Editor). Astronomy before the Telescope. (Pages 318-328).

Sharp, Nonie. (1993). Stars of the Tagai: The Torres Strait Islanders. [Note: Broad study of the culture and mythology (and politics) of the Torres Strait Islanders.]

Smyth, Robert. (1878, (2 volumes); reprinted 1972). The Aborigines of Victoria. [Note: See Volume 1, Page 432 for discussion of William Stanbridge and the constellations of the Boorong clan. The authors last name is sometimes given in bibliographies as Brough-Smyth or Brough-Smith. Life dates 1830-1889.]

Tindale, Norman. (2005). "Celestial Lore of Some Australian Tribes." In: Chamberlain, Von Del., Carlson, John. and Young, Mary. (2005). Songs from the Sky: Indigenous Astronomical and Cosmological Traditions of the World. (Pages 358-379). [Note: Comprises selected proceedings papers of the "First International Conference on Ethnoastronomy," Washington, D.C., 1983. Published as Volumes XII-XIII, 1996, of Archaeoastronomy: The Journal of the Center Archaeoastronomy. An excellent collection of papers.]

Articles/Entries:

Bhathal, Ragbir. (2006). "Astronomy in Aboriginal culture." (Astronomy and Geophysics, Volume 47, Number 5, Pages 5.27-5.30). [Note: The author holds that the Aboriginal peoples' views of the night sky probably pre-date those of other civilizations. The author is an astrophysicist in the School of Engineering at the University of Western Sydney. He is undertaking a national project on Aboriginal astronomy.]

Branagan, David. and Cairns, Hugh. (1993). "Marks on sandstone surfaces - Sydney region, Australia: cultural origins and meanings?" (Journal and Proceedings of The Royal Society of New South Wales, Volume 126, Parts 3-4, December, Pages 125-133).

Cairns, Hugh. (1993). "Aboriginal sky-mapping? Possible astronomical interpretation of Australian Aboriginal ethnographic and archaeological material." In: Ruggles, Clive. (Editor). Archaeoastronomy in the 1990s. (Pages 136-154).

Clarke, Philip. (1997). "The Aboriginal Cosmic Landscape of Southern South Australia." (Records of the South Australian Museum, Volume 29, Part 2, March, Pages 125-145).

Clarke, Philip. (1998). "The Study of Ethnoastronomy in Australia." (Archaeoastronomy & Ethnoastronomy News, Number 29, September Equinox).

Haynes, Roslynn. (1992). "Aboriginal Astronomy." (Australian Journal of Astronomy, Volume 4, Pages 127-140).

Haynes, Roslynn. (1995). "Dreaming the stars: the astronomy of the Australian Aborigines." (Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, Volume 20, Number 3, Pages 187-197).

Haynes, Roslynn. (1997). "Dreaming the sky." (Sky and Telescope, Volume 74, Number 3, September, Pages 72-76).

Haynes, Roslynn. (1997). "Astronomy of the Australian People." In: Selin, Helaine. (Editor). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. (Pages 105-108).

MacPherson, Peter. (1881). "Astronomy of the Australian Aborigines." (Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, Volume 15, Pages 71-80). [Note: Some sources give the date as 1882. The paper was read to the Royal Society of New south Wales on 6th July, 1881 and naturally included in Volume 15 for that year. The actual date of publication of Volume 15 was 1882.]

Maegraith, Brian. (1932). "The astronomy of the Aranda and Luritja tribes." (Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, Volume 56, Number 1, Pages 19-26). [Note: The author appears to have been a doctor or medical researcher.]

Morieson, John. (1999). "The Astronomy of the Boorong." (Mission, Volume 2, Number 4, December, Pages 21-30). [Note: Mission is the Journal of Australian Indigenous Issues.]

Stanbridge, William. (1857). "On the astronomy and mythology of the Aborigines of Victoria." (Transactions of the Philosophical Institute of Victoria, Volume 2, Pages 137-140). [Note: William Stanbridge was a pastoralist, newly arrived from England, who settled near Lake Tyrell in Victoria. (More accurately he was a Mallee squatter.) It appears he published only one additional (but lengthy) paper on the topic. It would appear that the Boorong formed a clan within the Wergaia language area.]

Stanbridge, William. (1861). "Some Particulars of the General Characteristics, Astronomy and Mythology of the Tribes in the Central Part of Victoria, Southern Victoria." (Transactions of the Ethnological Society of London, New Series, Volume 1, Pages 286-303?).

Maori

Books/Pamphlets:

Best, Elsdon. (1922, Reprinted 1955, and 1972). The Astronomical Knowledge of the Maori. [Note: A booklet. One of the key sources for understanding ancient Maori constellations and star names. However, Elsdon Best Best has been criticised for being ignorant of astronomy. Elsdon Best was a member of the staff of the Dominion Museum from 1911 to 1931. He was considered to be the foremost Maori ethnologist of his time. He spent numerous years living among the Maori people and his numerous writings preserve a lot of information that would otherwise have been lost. In 1960 a monument to him was erected at Grasslees Reserve in Tawa, near to where he was born. See the lengthy biography: Man of the Mist: A Biography of Elsdon Best by Elsdon Craig (1964). Life dates: 1856-1931.]

Best, Elsdon. (1922, Reprinted 1959, 1987, and 1986). The Maori Division of Time.

Best, Elsdon. (1923, Reprinted 1954). Polynesian Voyagers. [Note: Pamphlet.]

Cowan, James. (1930). The Maori: Yesterday and Today. [Note: See Chapter VII. - On Stars and Star Lore.]

Leather, Kay. and Hall, Richard. (2004). Tātai Arorangi: Māori Astronomy. Work of the Gods. [Note: Maori star lore. The publication is advertised as a book but is little more than a heavily illustrated (92-page) pamphlet obviously produced for a popular audience. There are some 35 half-page or larger illustrations and some 10 quarter-page illustrations. Both authors are employed by the Carter Observatory.]

Taylor, Richard. (1855; Reprinted 1974). Te Ika-a-Maui or New Zealand and its inhabitants. [Note: Reverend Richard Taylor was a missionary stationed at Wanganui. His book includes notes on cosmology and star names - the latter lacking suitable clarity.]

Tregear, Edward. (1904). The Maori Race. [Note: Contains a brief discussion of Maori star names and constellations and the difficulty of recovering knowledge of such. The author was a public servant, linguist, Polynesian scholar, and writer. Life dates: 1846-1931.]

White, John. (1886-1891). The ancient history of the Maori: his history and traditions. (9 parts in 5 volumes). [Note: There were a number of early editions of this book i.e., 1887-1890, 6 volumes; 1889, 4 volumes. The author was a native interpreter. Life dates: 1826-1891.]

Articles/Entries:

Best, Elsdon. (1910). "Maori Star Names." (The Journal of the Polynesian Society, Volume XIX, Number 2, Number 74, June, Pages 97-99).

[Editor]. (1911). "Maori Star Names." (The Journal of the Polynesian Society, Volume XX, Number 1, Number 77, March, Pages 10-11). [Note: Additional commentary on 1910 article of same name by Elsdon Best.]

Kingsley-Smith, C[?]. (1967). "Astronomers in puipuis. Maori star lore." (Southern Stars, Volume 22, Pages 5-10).

Orchiston, Wayne. (1986). "Towards an accurate history of early New Zealand astronomy." (Southern Stars, Volume 31, Pages 257-266).

Indian/Vedic

Books/Pamphlets:

Billard, Roger. (1971). L'astronomie indienne.

Das, Sukumar. (1937). "The Naksatras or the Constellation in Jaina Astronomy." In: ? (Editor). Jha Commemoration Volume. Essays on Oriental Subjects. (Pages 129-138).

Kaye, George. (1924; reprinted 1998). Hindu Astronomy. [Note: Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, Number 18. An excellent overview of Indian astronomy. Includes a discussion of Indian constellations (Pages 24-26).]

Kelley, David. and Milone, Gene. (2005). Exploring Ancient Skies: An Encyclopedic Survey of Astronomy. [Note: See the section "Indian Constellations and Asterisms," Page 294.]

Mitchiner, John. (1982, Reprinted 2000). Traditions of the Seven Rsis. [Note: Excellent chapter devoted to a discussion of Ursa Major.]

Pike, Albert. (1872; Reprinted 1930). Indo-Aryan Deities and Worship as Contained in the Rig-Veda. [Note: The author was a Freemason who taught himself Sanskrit. Considerable discussion of constellations. Life dates: 1809(?)-1891.]

Pingree, David. (1989). "MUL.APIN and Vedic Astronomy." In: Behrens, Hermann. et. al. (Editors). DUMU-E2-DUB-BA-A. Studies in Honor of Åke W. Sjoberg. (Pages 439-445).

Pingree, David. (1998). "Legacies in Astronomy and Celestial Omens." In: Dalley, Stephanie. (Editor). The Legacy of Mesopotamia. (Pages 125-137).

Pingree, David. (2007). "Mesopotamian and Greek Astronomy in India." In: Preisendanz, Karin. (Editor). Expanding and Merging Horizons: Contributions to South Asian and Cross-Cultural Studies in Commemoration of Wilhelm Halbfass. [Note: One of the last papers by David Pingree before his untimely death.]

Plunket, Emmeline. (1903). "Astronomy in the Rig Veda." In: Ancient Calendars and Constellations. (Part I, Chapter V, Pages 88-148). [Note: Completely dated. Originally appeared in the Actes of the Twelfth Oriental Congress held in Rome (Actes Douzième Congrès International des Orientalistes, 1899, Pages 55-100).]

Plunket, Emmeline. (1903). "Ancient Indian Astronomy." In: Ancient Calendars and Constellations. (Part I, Chapter VII, Pages 162-184). [Note: Completely dated. Originally appeared in the Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, February, 1900.]

Tilak, Bál. (1893). The Orion or Researches into The Antiquity of the Vedas. [Note: Unreliable. The author was an Indian lawyer and prominent political activist. Contains an argument for precessional mythology and "world ages."]

Tilak, Bál. (1893). Ä Summary of the Principal Facts and Arguments in the Orion; or Researches in the Antiquity of the Vedas." In: Morgan, E[?]. (Editor). Transactions of the Ninth International Congress of Orientalists. (2 Volumes). [Note: The Congress was held in 1892. The essay is in Volume 1, Pages 376-383.]

Articles/Entries:

Abhyankar, K[?]. (2005). "Folklore and Astronomy: Agastrya a sage and a star." (Current Science, Volume 89, Number 12, 25 December, Pages 2174-2176). [Note: Speculative. The author is an astronomer. Abstract: It is argued that the star Agastya (Canopus) is named after sage Agastya, who crossed the Vindhya mountain and saw the star for the first time in about 4000–5000 BC. Further, it is shown that Agastya was the first national integrator, who combined the two ancient civilizations of India, viz. the Aryan (Sanskrit) civilization of the Indo-Gangetic plain and the Dravidian (Tamil) civilization of the Cauvery basin, into the mighty Hindu civilization of India.]

Filliozat, Jean. (1969). "Notes on Ancient Iranian and Indian Astronomy." (Journal of the K.R. Cama Oriental Research Institute, Volume 42, Pages 100-135).

Kaye, George. (1920). "Hindu Astronomical Deities." (Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 16, New Series, Pages 57-77).

Rao, N[?]. (2005). "Aspects of prehistoric astronomy in India." (Bulletin of the Astronomical Society of India, Volume 33, Pages 499-511). [Note: Includes a very speculative discussion of upper paleolithic period art (and later) as evidence for early constellations.]

Yampolsky, Philip. (1950). "The Origin of the Twenty-eight Lunar Mansions." (Osiris, Volumen Nonum [Volume 9], Pages 62-83). [Note: Presentation of various expert opinions for the origin of the system of lunar mansions found in China, India, and Arabia.]

Tibetan

Books/Pamphlets:

Crook, John. and Osmaston, Henry. (2001). Himalayan Buddhist Villages. [Note: Discusses lunar mansions, etc.]

Articles/Entries:

Petri, Winfried. (1967). "Tibetan Astronomy." (Vistas in Astronomy, Volume 9, Pages 159-164). [Note: Discusses lunar mansions. At the time the author wrote the paper he was with the Institute for the History of Science, University of Munich, Germany.]

African

Books/Pamphlets:

Holbrooke, Jarita. (2007). (Editor). African Cultural History: Current Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy. [Note: Excellent overview by expert contributors.]

Marshall, Lorna. (1986). "Some Bushman Star Lore." In: Vossen, Rainer. and Keuthmann, Klaus. (Editors). Contemporary Studies in Khoisan 2. (Pages 169-204).

Peek, Philip. and Yankah, Kwesi. (2004). African Folklore: An Encyclopedia. [Note: See especially "Astronomy" starting page 11.]

Warner, Brian. (1996). "Traditional Astronomical Knowledge in Africa." In: Walker, Christopher. (Editor). Astronomy before the Telescope. (Pages 304-317).

Articles/Entries:

Beyer, G[?]. (1919). "Suto astronomy." (South African Journal of Science, Volume 16, Pages 206-?).

Lagercrantz, Sture. (1952). "The Milky Way in Africa." (Ethnos, Pages 64-72). [Note: Ethnos is a peer-reviewed journal of anthropology. Sture Lagercrantz was a Swedish anthropologist and Africanist at Uppsala University. Life dates: 1910-?]

Marshall, Lorna. (1975). "Two Ju/wa Constellations." (Botswana Notes and Records, Volume 7, Pages 153-159). [Note: Star lore of the !Xu Bushmen. The !Xu are a particular clan of the Bushmen.]

Norton, [?]. Reverend Father. (1909). "Native star names." (South African Journal of Science, Volume 9, Pages 306-?).

Obenga, Theophile (1987). "Notes sur les Connaissances Astronomiques Bantu." (Muntu, Volume 6, Pages 63-78). Note: Reviews the literature on astronomical knowledge in Ancient Egypt, among the Borana (Ethiopia), Dogon, Lobi, Bambara (West Africa), Vili (Congo), Fang (Cameroun, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon) and Mbochi (Congo).]

Schlichter, Henry. (1899). "Travels and Researches in Rhodesia." (The Geographical Journal, Volume XIII, January to June, Pages 376-396). [Note: Speculations regarding astronomy and zodiac at Zimbabwe.]

Snedegar, Keith. (1995(6?)). "Stars and Seasons in Southern Africa." (Vistas in Astronomy, Volume 39, Pages 529-538). [Note: Keith Snedegar is Associate Professor of History at Utah Valley State College, and an authority on African astronomical lore.]

Snedegar, Keith. (1997). "Ikwezi is the Morning Star." (Mercury, Volume 26, Number 6, Pages 12-15).

Starr, Eileen. (1990[2?]). "Sub-Saharan African Astronomical Mythology." (The Planetarian, Volume 19[21?], Number 2, Pages 8-18). [Note: Considered to be somewhat misleading.]

Von Sicard, Harald. (1966). "Karanga Stars." (Rhodesian Native Affairs Department Annual, Pages 42-65).

Siberian

Books/Pamphlets:

Holmberg, Uno. (1922). Der Baum des Lebens. [Note: Finnocized his name from Holmberg to Harva in 1927. His name sometimes appears as Holmberg-Harva.]

Holmberg, Uno. (1927). Finno-Ugric and Siberian Mythology. [Note: The author was a prominent ethnologist. Life dates: 1882-1949.]

Articles/Entries:

Gibbon, William. (1964). "Asiatic Parallels in North American Star Lore: Ursa Major." (Journal of American Folklore, Volume 77, January-March, Number 303, Pages 236-250).

Gibbon, William. (1972). "Asiatic Parallels in North American Star Lore Milky Way, Pleiades, Orion." (Journal of American Folklore, Volume 85, January-March, Number 335, Pages 236-247).

Inuit

Books/Pamphlets:

Bishop, Jeanne. (1999). "Eskimo Sky Ideas and Use." In: GLPA Conference Proceedings, 1999. [Note: GLPA = Great Lakes Planetarium Association. The Proceedings is an annual publication which includes a variety of presentations delivered at the annual Fall conference, and other articles submitted during the year. Jeanne Bishop also presented the paper at the IPS 2000 Conference. IPS = International Planetarium Society.]

Hawkes, Ernest. (1916, Reprinted 1970). The Labrador Eskimo. [Note: See page 136.]

MacDonald, John. (1998). The Arctic Sky: Inuit Astronomy, Star Lore, and Legend. [Note: The first complete book dealing with "Eskimo" sky lore. See the (English-language) book reviews by Peter Schledermann in Arctic (published by the Arctic Institute of North America), December, 1998, Pages ?-?; by Diane Brooks in Journal of the Royal Society of Canada, Volume ?, Number ?, February, 1999, Pages ?-?; by ? in Sky and Telescope, 1999, Volume 98, Number 4, Pages 82, by Robin Ridington in The Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, 1999, November 1, Volume 36, Issue 4, Page 607; and by Brigitte Sonne in Isis, 2000, Volume 91, Number 3, September, Page 563; and the (French-language) book review by Frédéric Laugrand in Etudes Inuit Studies, Volume 24, Number 1, 2000, Pages ?-? John MacDonald has spent most of his life in the Canadian Arctic. At the time of publication of the book he was the co-ordinator at the Nunavut Research Centre in the Inuit community of Igloolik. (He has now retired and continues to live in Igloolik, Nunavut.) The book is the result of an oral history project conducted from 1988 to 1997. (He has been closely involved in the collection and documentation of the oral history and traditional knowledge of the Inuit in the region of the Nunavut territory.) He was the winner of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society's 1999 Fraser Lectureship and has spoken on Inuit astronomy at Laval, McGill, and Ottawa Universities. The content of the book is based on interviews with Inuit elders in the eastern Arctic settlement of Igloolik (and was written with the help of Igloolik's Innullariit Society). This settlement is located in the newly formed territory of Nunavut in Northern Canada. The Nunavut Land Claim (one-fifth of Canada) was the largest aboriginal settlement in history.]

Thule Expedition, 5th. [Rasmussen, Knud] (1929?; Reprinted [by AMS] 19?). Report of the Fifth [5th] Thule Expedition, 1921-24: the Danish Expedition to Arctic North America. [Note: Volumes 1-10 published 1927-1952 (and volumes reprinted also during this period). The volumes comprise a detailed record of the Danish Ethnographic and Geographic Expedition to Arctic North America. See: Volume 5, Part 1.]

Weyer, Edward. (1932, Reprinted 1962). The Eskimos: Their Environment and Folkways. [Note: Regarded as a major classic on the Inuit. Covers Inuit cosmology.]

Articles/Entries:

? (1890). "?" (American Anthropologist, Volume 3, Page 136). [Note: Information on Inuit constellations and star names. The reference is good - I have seen some of the contents - but I am having trouble sighting the particular volume.]

Tropics/Carab

Books/Pamphlets:

Hugh-Jones, Stephen. (1982). "The Pleiades and Scorpius in Barasana Cosmology." In: Aveni, Anthony. and Urton, Gary. (Editors). Ethnoastronomy and Archaeoastronomy in the American Tropics. (Pages 183-201). [Note: See the (English-language) book review by LeRoy Doggett in Archaeoastronomy: The Journal of the Center for Archaeoastronomy, Volume 5, Number 4, October-December, Pages 34-35.]

Articles/Entries:

Magaña, Edmundo. (1982). "A Comparison Between Carib, Tukano/Cubeo and Western Astronomy." (Archaeoastronomy: The Bulletin of the Center for Archaeoastronomy, Volume 5, Number 2, April-June, Pages 23-31). [Note: The author is an anthropologist who has conducted extensive field research related to the ethnoastronomy of the Caribbean peoples.]

Magaña, Edmundo. and Jara, Fabiola. (1982). "The Carib Sky." (Journal de la Société des Américanistes, Volume 68, Pages 105-132).

Magaña, Edmundo. and Jara, Fabiola. (1983). "Invention of the Sky." (Archaeoastronomy: The Journal of the Center for Archaeoastronomy, Volume 6, Numbers 1-4, January-December, Pages 102-113). [Note: The authors continue with, and comment on, their earlier article.]

Magaña, Edmundo. and Jara, Fabiola. (1983). "Astronomy of the Coastal Caribs of Surinam." (L'Homme, Tome 23, Issue 1, Pages 111-133).

Robiou-Lamarche, Sebastián. (1984). "Astronomy in Taíno Myth." (Archaeoastronomy: The Journal of the Center for Archaeoastronomy, Volume 7, Numbers 1-4, January-December, Pages 110-115).

Taylor, Douglas. (1946). "Notes on the Star Lore of the Caribbees." (American Anthropologist, New Series, Volume 48, Number 2, April-June, Pages 215-222).

Middle East/Levant

Books/Pamphlets:

Gardner, Sara. (2002). The moon and stars of the southern Levant at Gezer and Megiddo: Cultural astronomy in Chalcolithic/Early and Middle Bronze Ages. [Note: Doctoral thesis. Somewhat speculative. Discusses possible 3rd millennium BCE constellations at Megiddo and Gezer.]

Macalister, Robert. (1912). The Excavation of Gezer. Volume II. (Pages 347-349). [Note: Illustration and discussion of the so-called (and misnamed) Gezer zodiac on a small half cylinder unbaked clay tablet. The symbols resemble those depicted on Kassite kudurru. (Boundary stones were also found at Gezer.) Life dates for Robert Macalister: 1870-1950.]

Articles/Entries:

Gardner, Sara. (2005). "Scratching the surface of Astronomy in the Land of the Bible: Archaeology, Texts, and Astronomy." In: Current Studies in Archaeoastronomy: Conversations Across Time and Space edited by John Fountain and Rolf Sinclair. (Pages 393-411).

Miscellaneous

Books/Pamphlets:

Jobes, Gertrude. and Jobes, James. (1964). Outer Space: Myths, Name Meanings, Calendars from the Emergence of History to the Present Day. [Note: Attempts to be comprehensive but the compilation is both uncritical and now quite dated. The average date for their references would appear to be circa 1900.]

Lum, Peter. (1948, USA; n.d. but 1951, UK). The Stars in our Heaven: Myths and Fables. [Note: Devoid of any references.]

Staal, Julius. (1988). The New Patterns in the Sky: Myths and Legends of the Stars. [Note: Includes star-lore from throughout the world. A revision of Patterns in the Sky (1961) which focused largely on Graeco-Roman star-lore.]

Articles/Entries:

Masse, W[?]. Bruce. (1995). "The Celestial Basis of Civilization." (Vistas in Astronomy, Volume 39, Pages 463-477). [Note: Highly speculative.]

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